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美国外观设计专利的侵权判断

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  • Time of issue:2016-08-19 16:27
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(Summary description)(1)判断主体-普通观察者  南京华讯分析,在GorhamCo.v.White案中,美国最高法院驳回了在外观设计的侵权判断中要通过专家的经过高度训练的眼睛来进行并排比较。“如果,以普通观察者的视角,当施以购买者通常的注意时,两外观设计实质上相同,并且其如此相似以至于会误导该一般观察者,使其把其中一个外观设计当作另一个外观设计来购买,则授权的外观设计被另一件外观设计侵权。”。  在EgyptianG

美国外观设计专利的侵权判断

(Summary description)(1)判断主体-普通观察者  南京华讯分析,在GorhamCo.v.White案中,美国最高法院驳回了在外观设计的侵权判断中要通过专家的经过高度训练的眼睛来进行并排比较。“如果,以普通观察者的视角,当施以购买者通常的注意时,两外观设计实质上相同,并且其如此相似以至于会误导该一般观察者,使其把其中一个外观设计当作另一个外观设计来购买,则授权的外观设计被另一件外观设计侵权。”。  在EgyptianG

  • Categories:最新消息
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  • Origin:
  • Time of issue:2016-08-19 16:27
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Information

  (1)判断主体-普通观察者

  南京华讯分析,在Gorham Co. v. White案中,美国最高法院驳回了在外观设计的侵权判断中要通过专家的经过高度训练的眼睛来进行并排比较。“如果,以普通观察者的视角,当施以购买者通常的注意时,两外观设计实质上相同,并且其如此相似以至于会误导该一般观察者,使其把其中一个外观设计当作另一个外观设计来购买,则授权的外观设计被另一件外观设计侵权。”。

  在Egyptian Goddess v. Swisa案中,法院认定“‘普通观察者’测试法是确定外观设计专利是否被侵权的唯一测试方法……我们相信达到该目标的优选方式是,考虑现有设计,依赖于普通观察者测试法,直接进行比较。”。但是,该“普通观察者”是“熟悉现有设计的”人。

  关于普通观察者是否必须是最终用户,联邦上诉法院在Aramink v Saint-Gobain Calmar案中确认了地方法院的决定,即“普通观察者”是喷雾瓶泵组建的工业购买者,而非最终消费者。而证人证言表明工业购买者不会被被诉产品所欺骗。

  (2)权利要求的解释

  据南京华讯了解,在Elmer v. ICC Fabricating案中,联邦上诉法院指出,“在确定外观设计专利权利要求是否被侵犯之时,首先,如同发明专利,需要正确解释该权利要求以确定其含义和范围。见Markman, 52 F.3d页986。其次,该正确解释的权利要求必须与被诉外观设计进行比较以确定是否存在侵权。同上。在此第二步中,比较专利外观设计和被诉外观设计的整体视觉相似性。”在Elmer案之后,联邦地方法院的法官在审理外观设计专利侵权案件的时候会对专利外观设计的权利要求特征进行文字解释。在此基础上基于全面覆盖原则(All Elements Rule)进行外观设计侵权判断,使得外观设计专利权人主张专利侵权更加困难。

  在Egyptian Goddess v. Swisa案中,联邦上诉法院取消了地方法院在外观设计专利案件中必须提供权利要求解释(claim construction)的详细文字的要求。法院指出,最高法院已经认识到“对于外观设计来说,用视图表示更好,而不是‛用任何描述,并且在没有视图的情况下的描述不容易理解’。”因此,“一般优选的途径是地方法院不要试图通过提供请求保护的外观设计的详细文字描述来’解释’外观设计专利的权利要求。”当然,在之后的外观设计专利案件中,提供和不提供外观设计专利权利要求的详细描述的法院都存在。

  (3)整体观察原则

  法院在Gorham Co. v. White案中指出,尽管比较每个特征可能是有用的,但是最终的问题是:外观设计作为一个整体是否实质上相同。“尽管可以发现在装饰方面的各种变化,问题仍然是,整个外观设计的效果是否相同。”

  “我们认为决定性的考虑是产生的效果”。“如果该相似性达到这种程度,以致于欺骗这种普通观察者、诱导他认为一件外观设计是另一件外观设计而购买,则授权的外观设计被另一件外观设计侵权。”

  在关于家具外观设计专利侵权的Amini Inovation Corp. v Anthony California案中,联邦上诉法院指出,“该审理错误地单独分析每个设计元素而没有从普通观察者的视角作为一个整体来分析外观设计。”

  “正确的探究不是’被诉外观设计是否挪用了请求保护的外观设计的一个特定特征’,而是,‘被诉外观设计是否挪用了请求保护的外观设计整体’”。即,“whether an ordinary observer, familiar with the prior art, would be deceived into thinking that the accused design was the same as the patented design.”

  “如果可能的话,法律的目标必需是有效的;但是,直白地说,如果对外观设计的总体外观给予保护,但是对于那些以专家能够观察到、而普通观察者不能注意到的方式表现了外观的微小细节的区别,足以使的模仿外观设计免除侵权指控的话,则法律的目标不可能是有效的。”

  在涉及部分外观设计的Crocs v. ITC案中,法院认定,“授权外观设计和被诉产品的外观设计之间的微小差别不能也不应当阻止侵权成立。”尽管具有细节上的差别,例如孔的形状、布局和脚趾部分的形状,联邦法案认定“并排比较789’专利外观设计和被诉产品,表明熟悉现有设计的普通观察者会被欺骗而相信被诉产品与专利外观设计相同。”

  (4)“新颖点测试”和现有技术的影响

  在外观设计的侵权判定中,现有设计的影响至关重要。美国最高法院在Smith v Whitman案中考虑了专利设计和现有设计的区别,并认为被诉马鞍不具备专利外观设计的新特征,因此属于现有设计的马鞍,从而没有侵犯外观设计专利。这就是Litton Systems v Whirlpool 案中引述的“新颖点(point of novelty)”测试法。

  在涉及微波炉外观设计专利的Litton Systems v Whirlpool案中,联邦上诉法院在回答是否存在外观设计侵权时认为,“被诉装置必须挪用了专利装置中区别于现有设计的新颖之处。(省略引用)。即,即使法院通过普通观察者的眼睛来比较两件物品,为了确定侵权,其必须将所述物品的相似性归结于使得专利装置与现有设计区别的新颖之处。(这一‘新颖点’测试只适用于侵权判定......)”因为被诉装置不具备Litton专利设计区别于现有设计的特征,所以法院认定不侵权。

  而在此后的Lawman Armor v. Winner International案中,联邦法院认为,“新颖点测试”下的新颖之处不可能是非新颖特征的集合基础上形成的整体外观。在该案中的不少法庭之友意见对此表示了担忧,因为所有的外观设计都是在先前设计元素的组合。

  但是,在Egyptian Goddess, Inc. v. Swisa案中,法庭以全席法官意见驳回了“新颖点测试”。为确定侵权,专利权人必须证明对于普通观察者来说被诉侵权外观设计看起来与专利外观设计“实质相似”。法院同时指出了现有设计对侵权判断的影响:“当请求保护的外观设计接近现有设计时,在拟制的普通观察者的眼中,被诉外观设计和请求保护的外观设计之间微小的差异也可能是重要的。”

  而在之前的Sash Controls, Inc. v. Talon案中,法院认为,外观设计专利的现有设计的范围不仅包括被该外观设计专利涵盖的产品,而且还包括本领域设计人员会考虑的“相似”领域。在该案中,法院认为露井门把手(需要拉动)的现有设计的范围包括了相似的旋转门把手(需要扭转)。

  南京华讯根据最新的Wallace v. Ideavillage Products Corp.案,联邦巡回上诉法院同意地方法院的观点,认为应当适用两步法的“普通观察者”测试。即,普通观察者测试以两个阶段进行。“在一些情形下,请求保护的外观设计和被诉外观设计充分的不同(sufficiently distinct),所以不需要进一步就可以清楚专利权人没有完成其举证证明两外观设计对于’普通观察者’看起来’实质上相同’…….在其他情形下,当请求保护的外观设计和被诉外观设计并非明显不相近似时,解决普通观察者是否会认为两外观设计实质相似的问题将受益于请求保护的外观设计、被诉外观设计与现有设计的比较。”

  (5)功能性特征

  当外观设计专利“包含了功能性和装饰性特征时,[1]专利权人必须证明感知到的相似性是基于外观设计的装饰性特征[而非功能性特征]……[2]专利权人必须证明普通人会被请求保护的外观设计和被诉外观设计中装饰性的共同特征所欺骗”。

  在Apple v. Samsung案中,三星争辩地区法院应当排除“‘由其功能用途确定的’,‘或者涵盖了制品的结构因素’”的元素。三星公司认为这些元素应当在外观设计专利的保护范围中从整体上“忽略”掉。例如,三星认为外观设计专利的矩形形状和圆角就属于这类元素,应当在进行侵权分析时忽略。法院认为现有的判例不支持三星的上述主张。 例如Richardson v. Stanley Works, Inc.案并没有确立这样的规则,即从外观设计专利的保护范围中排除整个设计元素,并且Lee v. Dayton-Hudson Corp.案中也指出了“只有非功能性的设计因素与侵权判定相关。”

  外观设计法的“装饰性”要求指的是外观设计不能仅仅是由功能决定的,即,其不能是实现其功能的唯一可能的形式......外观设计的独特性或者消费者识别性可能归功于该外观设计,但是缺乏艺术价值并不意味着该外观设计纯粹是功能性的。

Electronic

Electronic Arts pledges free use for five accessibility patents

Electronic Arts pledges free use for five accessibility patents Recently, Electronic Arts (EA) announced a patent pledge that gives other companies and developers free access to five of its current accessibility-related patents and technology. The company promised not to enforce against any party for infringing any of the listed patents. Instead, EA hopes to encourage “innovation” and build new features that make video games more inclusive on a much larger scale by opening up the patents.  Electronic Arts (EA) is an American video game company founded in 1982. The company owns many popular and famous games, such as The Sims, SimCity, Apex Legends, Madden NFL and FIFA. Each of the games has more than 30 or 50 million sales volume. Significantly, esports involves FIFA and Apex Legends into the event list. Apex Legends has up to 1 billion players, and it is so popular that it has a Switch version. Within the freely available patents, one of which grabs everyone’s attention -- Apex Legends’ ping system (patent No. US 11097189). The ping system in Apex Legends, which excellently allows players to make communication and teamwork quick and easy without hearing or speaking, has been praised both as an impressive alternative to voice chat and as a great accessibility feature for players with a variety of disabilities.  The other patents include the technology widely used in the FIFA and Madden NFL. The innovations can automatically detect and modify colors (patent No. US 10118097 and CN 107694092) and contrast ratios (patent No. US 10878540) to improve gamers’ visibility with colorblindness and low vision. Furthermore, one of the patents relates to personalized sound technology, helping players with hearing issues by modifying or creating music based on their preferences (patent No. US 10790919).   The code of the mentioned technology is published on EA’s GitHub, and it is open to all developers. Thus, the developers can use it or adapt it for their games without spending the costs to research. It is good that EA shares the patents for free use and aims to create an accessibility-increased gaming environment for players. However, it is not “unconditional” to use the listed patents. In the pledge, EA mentioned that it may terminate the promise for a specific party which files a patent infringement lawsuit or other patent proceedings against EA. We can see parts of EV’s ambition behind the announcement—to build a large game developer league and a community of shared interests.     Reference: https://www.ea.com/commitments/positive-play/accessibility-patent-pledge https://iknow.stpi.narl.org.tw/Post/Read.aspx?PostID=14562 https://www.polygon.com/22639469/apex-legends-electronic-arts-patent-pledge-accessibility-developers https://www.theverge.com/2021/8/24/22638535/ea-accessibility-patent-pledge-apex-legends-ping-system https://www.gamesradar.com/ea-secures-a-patent-for-the-apex-legends-ping-system-and-its-giving-it-away-for-free/ https://dotesports.com/apex-legends/news/apex-legends-ping-system-is-now-patent-free-for-accessibility https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2021/08/apex_legends_ping_system_now_patent-free_as_ea_announces_accessibility_pledge Recently, Electronic Arts (EA) announced a patent pledge that gives other companies and developers free access to five of its current accessibility-related patents and technology. The company promised not to enforce against any party for infringing any of the listed patents. Instead, EA hopes to encourage “innovation” and build new features that make video games more inclusive on a much larger scale by opening up the patents.    Electronic Arts (EA) is an American video game company founded in 1982. The company owns many popular and famous games, such as The Sims, SimCity, Apex Legends, Madden NFL and FIFA. Each of the games has more than 30 or 50 million sales volume. Significantly, esports involves FIFA and Apex Legends into the event list. Apex Legends has up to 1 billion players, and it is so popular that it has a Switch version.   Within the freely available patents, one of which grabs everyone’s attention -- Apex Legends’ ping system (patent No. US 11097189). The ping system in Apex Legends, which excellently allows players to make communication and teamwork quick and easy without hearing or speaking, has been praised both as an impressive alternative to voice chat and as a great accessibility feature for players with a variety of disabilities.    The other patents include the technology widely used in the FIFA and Madden NFL. The innovations can automatically detect and modify colors (patent No. US 10118097 and CN 107694092) and contrast ratios (patent No. US 10878540) to improve gamers’ visibility with colorblindness and low vision. Furthermore, one of the patents relates to personalized sound technology, helping players with hearing issues by modifying or creating music based on their preferences (patent No. US 10790919).   The
2021-10-22
The

The forum on "China's Intellectual Property-related Reform Measures and New Trends in Patent Litigation" will be held successfully!

The forum on "China's Intellectual Property-related Reform Measures and New Trends in Patent Litigation" will be held successfully! In response to the call for building a strong country with intellectual property rights, at 2 o'clock in the afternoon of October 21, the forum on "China's reform measures related to intellectual property rights and new trends in patent litigation" will be successfully held in Nanjing Jiangbei New District Industrial Technology Research and Innovation Park. The event was hosted by the Science and Technology Innovation Bureau of Nanjing Jiangbei New Area Management Committee, Nanjing Jiangbei New Area Industrial Technology Research and Innovation Park, Nanjing Intellectual Property Rights Protection Assistance Center Jiangbei New District Center, Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Consultant Co., Ltd., Nanjing Intellectual Property Co-organized by the Protection Center (Nanjing Intellectual Property Rights Protection Assistance Center), Taiwan Pharmaceutical Development Association, and Gene Online. The director of Nanjing Intellectual Property Protection Center, Mou Xiaojian, delivered a speech. Director Mu expressed his warm congratulations on the holding of this event and introduced in detail the new pattern of intellectual property protection in Nanjing. He said: At present, Nanjing has implemented a rights protection assistance network in the municipal area. With full coverage, Nanjing Intellectual Property Protection Center is willing to closely communicate and interact with Nanjing's innovation entities, and provide relevant public welfare services such as rapid pre-review, rapid rights protection, and comprehensive utilization for enterprises in need. In addition, Huang Funan, CEO of Gene Online, was unable to come to congratulate due to the epidemic, and recorded a congratulatory video. In the video, he said: China Innovative Pharmaceuticals has already made many outstanding achievements on the international stage, and these are inseparable from intellectual property rights. The support of the company can also show the importance of intellectual property rights to biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. This event invites four industry experts to focus on China's reform measures related to intellectual property rights and new trends in patent litigation, discuss with companies and universities, and make arrangements in advance. Dr. Qingchen Hou, general manager of Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Consulting Co., Ltd., introduced the "Guidelines for Building a Powerful Country with Intellectual Property Rights (2021-2035)" and explained his views from four aspects: background, strategic layout, overall requirements, and organizational guarantees. . Subsequently, a detailed analysis of China's patent linkage system was carried out, and compared with the same types of cases at home and abroad, questions were raised: Why should we reward the first person who successfully challenged patents? Not the first person to file a P4 application? And have a series of discussions with you. Director Jiang Haijun of the Intellectual Property Protection Legal Committee of the Nanjing Lawyers Association gave a speech on three points: the problems after the amendment of the patent law, the enforceability of the amount of compensation, and the legal conflicts related to service inventions. Regarding the patent right evaluation report, he emphasized that the patentee, interested party or accused infringer can also proactively issue a patent right evaluation report. "Patent is a work of art that combines technology and law" is a message shared by Mr. Feng Tao from Jiangsu Junbo Law Firm at this event. Mr. Feng analyzes the big data of Chinese patent litigation cases through graphs and examples. Explore. The last topic of the event was shared by Guo Huangying, Intellectual Property Manager of Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Agency (General Partnership)-China's Patent Infringement Judgment Principles and New Developments. Manager Guo explained to everyone the principles of patent infringement judgment and the necessity of patent infringement search and analysis before producing and selling products. In the intellectual property industry, ECCOM has been providing high-quality and professional comprehensive intellectual property services to enterprises and universities one step at a time. It also hopes that under the leadership of the state and the government, it will contribute to the building of a strong intellectual property nation in China. Make a contribution.
2021-10-22
Types

Types of patents that are easily overlooked- Design Patent

Types of patents that are easily overlooked- Design Patent In recent years, as the public’s awareness of intellectual property has increased, people have begun to consciously use the patent law to protect their intellectual property rights. However, in the process of implementation, they often only focus on invention patent and utility model patent, and tend to ignore the protection of design patent. Recently, Midea sued Haotaitai for two models of CXW-300-D998 and CXW-300-D908 Haotaitai brand range hoods In the case of suspected infringement of its design patent (patent number: ZL201930621598.X), the Guangzhou Intellectual Property Court made a first-instance judgment after hearing that it determined that the two products of Haotaitai constituted infringement, and ordered it to immediately stop the infringement and compensate Midea, The company's economic losses and reasonable expenses totaled 360,000 yuan. In fact, appearance infringement cases have occurred from time to time before, such as: "Molly" blind box design patent case, "Siemens" switch design patent infringement dispute case received a compensation of 6 million yuan, three Casio watch design patents were infringed Received a compensation of 8.8 million yuan and so on. The reason why people ignore the protection of design patents, in the final analysis, is that they have insufficient knowledge of design patents. Today, let's take a look at what is protected by design patents and what rights protections can we apply for? Design patent definition: Article 2 of the "Patent Law", design patent, refers to a new design that is aesthetically pleasing and suitable for industrial applications based on the shape, pattern, or combination of products, and the combination of color, shape, and pattern. Protected range: The shape of the product; the pattern of the product; the shape and pattern of the product; the shape and color of the product; the pattern and color of the product; the shape, pattern and color of the product. Protection period: The term of protection for design patent rights is 15 years, calculated from the date of filing. What are the conditions for applying for a design patent? The design should be aesthetically pleasing Appearance patents should be suitable for industrial applications The design patent application should be novel The design patent application should be inventiveness What are the advantages and functions of design patents? Protect the rights and interests of enterprises in product designs and fight against infringements in market competition. To enhance brand value, the quality and quantity of patents are the embodiment of the company's innovation ability and core competitiveness. Receive consumer recognition. If a company's new product appearance is filed for a patent in a timely manner, its appearance design will enjoy the exclusive right. Nowadays, consumers often choose products with trendy and beautiful appearance when buying their products. Applying for a design patent is a necessary condition for applying for a high-tech enterprise.
2021-09-26
Colopl

Colopl Settles Patent Infringement Lawsuit with Nintendo by Paying $30 Million

Colopl Settles Patent Infringement Lawsuit with Nintendo by Paying $30 Million   This August, Nintendo and a game developer Colopl announced that they have settled for patent infringement regarding White Cat Project (Shironeko Project in Japanese), a smartphone game developed by Colopl. Although both companies did not publicly share exact details of the settlement, at least it is sure that Colopl agreed to pay 3.3 billion yen (about US$30.2 million) as the settlement fee for the proceedings, including the future license of Nintendo's patents.    How did the battle begin?  Being developed and published by a Japanese game developer, Colopl, White Cat Project is a free-to-play action role-playing game for Android and iOS systems. The mobile game was launched in July 2014 as well as got a television anime adaptation in 2020. It is incredibly popular to have more than 50 million downloads. Furthermore, the game is set to receive a Switch version titled "Shironeko New Project".    In September 2016, Nintendo noted the Colopl's game and considered that the game had infringed on several of Nintendo's technology patents. The two companies communicated with each other for over a year; however, Nintendo did not accept the explanations from Colopl, and Nintendo filed a lawsuit against Colopl at the beginning of 2018.    Nintendo claimed that Colopl infringed 6 of its patents. These patents protect touch-screen joystick functionality (patent no. JP3734820), multiplayer connectivity (patent no. JP5595991, JP6271692), confirmation screens in sleep mode (patent no. JP4010533), character attacks based on touch input locations (patent no. JP4262217), and a shadow effect placed on characters hidden behind the game geometry (patent no. JP3637031).   These patents almost cover various ways of game technology, especially the patent  JP5595991 and JP6271692. Their patent family is wide-reaching, and many divisional applications of the family are pending in Japan. They protect a communication game system and its related devices. It is not easy to detect the patent's existence and boundary since this kind of hardcore technique is so common in the gaming field and our daily lives.     The five-year patent war has been settled.  After a five-year dispute, the situation appeared to turn in Nintendo's favor as the Switch maker increased its monetary demands, which convinced Colopl to strike a deal that lets it use the disputed patents. Furthermore, a Switch version of White Cat Project remains in the works at Colopl.    With the extraordinary losses of Colopl, the legal battle between the two companies came to an end.  
2021-09-09
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