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美国的药品专利连接制度介绍

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  • Time of issue:2017-03-17 01:50
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(Summary description)在美国,药品的批准与上市由两个独立的职能部门所管制:美国专利商标局(UnitedStatesPatentandTrademarkOffice,USPTO)和美国食品与药品管理局(FoodandDrugAdministration,FDA)。USPTO负责授予满足条件的新药一定期限的专利权,在这段期限内相应的仿制药不能随意上市与销售。而FDA的核心职能就是对申请注册上市的药品的安全性、有效性和质量可

美国的药品专利连接制度介绍

(Summary description)在美国,药品的批准与上市由两个独立的职能部门所管制:美国专利商标局(UnitedStatesPatentandTrademarkOffice,USPTO)和美国食品与药品管理局(FoodandDrugAdministration,FDA)。USPTO负责授予满足条件的新药一定期限的专利权,在这段期限内相应的仿制药不能随意上市与销售。而FDA的核心职能就是对申请注册上市的药品的安全性、有效性和质量可

  • Categories:最新消息
  • Author:
  • Origin:
  • Time of issue:2017-03-17 01:50
  • Views:
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  在美国,药品的批准与上市由两个独立的职能部门所管制:美国专利商标局(United States Patent and Trademark Office,USPTO)和美国食品与药品管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)。USPTO负责授予满足条件的新药一定期限的专利权,在这段期限内相应的仿制药不能随意上市与销售。而FDA的核心职能就是对申请注册上市的药品的安全性、有效性和质量可控性进行审查,防止药品的不安全、无效或欺诈性上市。

  药品专利连接制度(Patent linkage)有两层含义:一是仿制药的上市申请的审批与相应的新药专利是否有效的审核的程序的连接;二是FDA与USPTO职能的连接。

  制定背景

  基于1961年德国发生的“反应停事件”涉及药品的安全性问题,美国于1962年通过了一项“Kefauver—Harris Act”。该法案要求所有新药与仿制药在上市前都需进行验证安全性与有效性的临床试验,并且在相应的新药专利过期后才能递交仿制药申请。这对创新药的专利保护与仿制药的上市都产生了极大的影响。对于创新药而言,研究与开发成本大大增加,同时还缩短了其实际受专利保护的期限。面对昂贵的专利处方药和不断增加的医疗保险费用,美国公众不断呼吁政府建立一个有效的法规管理体系,促使仿制药尽快上市,公众可以在有选择的情况下买到价格合理的仿制药。

  新药开发商利益与公众利益的矛盾不断升级,促使美国国会在1984年通过了一项平衡双方利益的法案《药品价格竞争和专利期恢复法》(Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act,也称为Hatch—Waxman Act)。该法案是对美国食品、药品和化妆品法(FDCA)的一次重要修订,对新药和仿制药的并存发展建立了一系列有效的法律机制,专利连接制度就是其中的一项重要内容。

  具体内容

  专利连接制度的具体实施规定和程序包括:新药申请专利状况提交,桔皮书发布,第Ⅳ段申明,45天诉讼期,30个月遏制期,180天的市场独占期。

  新药申请专利状况提交

  Hatch-Waxman Act第 21USC§355(1)条规定:作为新药申请(New drug application,NDA)的组成部分,申请人(通常也是专利权人)须随申请向FDA提交权利要求覆盖该药品或覆盖其使用制造方法的所有专利的专利号及到期时间,以便当某人未经许可而制造、使用或销售该药品时,能够有理由主张其构成专利侵权。

  这一条规定了NDA批件持有人(专利权人)的专利告知义务,即在提出NDA申请的同时,申请人须提交文件列明与申请上市的新药相关的所有专利,并在申请提交后及时补充文件。无论专利持有者在批准其新药上市的当时上市准备是否充足,专利持有者必须在新药批准的30天内登记所有有关的专利。对于新药批准后再注册的专利,持有者必须在专利批准后的30天内向FDA提交专利说明补充文件。

  当NDA申请人为非专利权人时,第21USC§355(2)条规定:如申请人所提交的研究不是由申请人完成的,或者申请人没有得到试验完成人的授权来使用或参照试验结果,则还应提交一项申明,以申请人的观点或就其最大了解程度,申明与此药品相关的每一个专利满足下列条件之一:没有人提交过相关的专利;(Ⅱ)没有人提交过相关专利的信息;(Ⅲ)相关的专利将要过期的时间,或(Ⅳ)相关专利是无效的,或者其制造、使用或销售所提交申请的新药不会侵犯相关专利。

  2.桔皮书发布

  根据Hatch—Waxman Act法案的要求,FDA出版了《经治疗等同性评价批准的药品》(Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluation)一书。该书列出了所有被FDA批准的,经过安全性和有效性评价的包括处方药与非处方药的药品名单,并在附录部分发布与所批准的处方药和非处方药相关的专利和独占期信息。因为此书的书皮颜色为桔红色,因此俗称“桔皮书”。桔皮书的内容按月更新。所以,上文提到的NDA被批准后,该新药和提交的相关专利说明FDA都通过桔皮书来发布。

  3.第Ⅳ段申明

  Hatch—Waxman Act中一项很重要的规定就是对于仿制药的上市申报,不再要求其重复进行已被NDA证明了的安全性和有效性研究,即减免了临床前动物毒理实验和人体临床研究项目,取而代之的是以参照新药为标准的生物等效性(Bioequivalence)研究,简化了仿制药的审批程序,减轻了仿制药的时间和财力浪费。这个针对仿制药申报的程序称为“简化新药申请”(Abbreviated new drug application,ANDA)。并且法案规定,仿制药可以在专利过期之前以研究目的进行样品生产,但不可以进行商品生产。申请人在提交ANDA时,须参照桔皮书上登记的专利,向FDA递交专利申明书,这在第21USC§355(j)(2)(A)(vii)中作出了规定:一项申明,以申请人的观点或就其最大了解程度,与此药品相关的每一个专利:(I)没有人提交过相关的专利;(Ⅱ)相关的专利已经过期;(Ⅲ)相关的专利将要过期的时间,并申明将不在专利过期前上市销售所申报的仿制药,或(Ⅳ)相关专利是无效的,或者其制造、使用或销售所提交申请的药品不会侵犯相关专利。

  有关专利的第Ⅳ段申明(Paragraph Ⅳ Certification),是因Hatch-Waxman Act还规定,在专利到期之前,仿制药可以向FDA提出申请,向专利药提出挑战。递交第Ⅳ段申明表示有人希望在新药专利到期之前申请仿制药上市许可。这项申明是法律规定必须发出的文件。并且申请者还必须在ANDA申报后的20天之内,同时通知每一个专利权人或NDA批件持有人。通知中不仅通告仿制药的申报日期,列举所有的有效专利,还必须陈述向专利挑战的科学及法律依据。

  4.45天诉讼期

  专利权人或NDA批件持有人在收到第Ⅳ段申明之日起45日内,可以向联邦法院提起诉讼,要求裁定相关专利有效,且/或ANDA申请人侵权,并通知FDA联邦法院已经受理有关诉讼。但如果接到通知45天之内,专利权人或 NDA批件持有人并未向法院提起诉讼请求,则经过符合条件的材料评审,FDA便可以批准仿制药上市。

  5.30个月遏制期

  第21USC§355(j)(5)(B)(iii)条规定:FDA给予专利权人或NDA批件持有人30个月的时间解决诉讼。同时FDA对ANDA的批准自动推延30个月,在这期间FDA并不停止对ANDA材料的评审。如果在30个月之内专利期届满或法庭最后做出了有利于ANDA申请人的裁决,并且ANDA符合FDA的审批要求,则ANDA的批准生效,生效日为专利期届满日或法院做出厂有利于ANDA申清人的裁决的判决日。若法庭没有最后判决而ANDA申请已届满30个月,则ANDA的批准也生效,生效日为ANDA申请30个月届满日,但ANDA申请人须自行承担风险。双方当事人也可以就此事达成和解。这条规定是侵权诉讼对FDA的限制性规定。

  6. 180天的市场独占期

  第21USC§355(j)(5)(B)(iv)条规定:给予递交第Ⅳ段申明向专利药挑战并获胜(该申明没有受到专利权人或NDA批件持有人的法律申诉,或仿制药公司法律胜诉)的第一家仿制药申报者以180天的市场独占期。如果多个申请人同一天提出ANDA,都可以获得180天市场独占期。这项条款的目的在于鼓励和补偿仿制药公司在专利诉讼中所耗费的资金财力。这180天的市场独占期从该仿制药上市的第一天,或从仿制药公司法律胜诉的当天,按其中最早开始的日子计算。在这180天期间,FDA不再批准相同的ANDA上市。在180天的市场独占期间,仿制药可以以新药约80%的价格销售,并获取仿制药市场分配额,因此大大激励了仿制药向创新药挑战的积极性。

  专利连接制度的意义

  保障专利权,防止不正当竞争:通过桔皮书专利登记,可以及时发现可能发生的侵权行为。FDA不批准明显侵犯专利权利的药品申请,将专利侵权扼制在萌芽阶段,加强厂对药品专利的保护力度。

  促进政府机构之间的协调:USPTO根据发明是否新颖、创新及实用的标准来授予专利权。专利连接制度使得FDA在药品审批时不仅进行安全性和有效性评价,还向挑战现有药品专利的有效性和是否被侵权敞开了大门。但FDA的审批行为不会与USPTO发生冲突,发生专利辩论由司法机关来解决。

  减少诉讼,提高效率,节省资源:专利连接制度鼓励在ANDA审批完成之前解决权属问题,减少了诉讼机会。促进相关各方积极行动,最大限度维护自己的权利。并且专利连接过程公开、透明,有利于各方评估风险。

  专利连接制度的积极作用

  专利连接制度平衡了药品的创新与仿制,加快厂仿制药的上市,提高了仿制药的使用比例,仿制药在美国处方药中所占的比例由1984年以前的19%上升至现在的47%。同时,专利连接制度也加剧了药品市场的竞争,一个直接的影响就是药品价格的降低,仿制药的价格一般要比新药低20%—60%,,这就大大减少了美国的药品开支。

  专利连接制度的不足

  专利连接制度在实际的运作过程中也存在一些不足,最主要的有以下几个方面:NDA专利说明提交不规范,专利的种类限定不严格;桔皮书只收载NDA递交的专利说明,但没有异议机制,对能够列入桔皮书的专利类型及内容没有规范;对180天的市场独占期的合理使用也缺乏具体的规定。因此,导致了滥用专利连接制度的现象发生。如由于可以获得30个月的遏制期,新药公司不断向桔皮书增加新的甚至一些微不足道的专利,并频频向仿制药公司提起诉讼,以持续获得30个月的遏制期来拖延仿制药的上市。葛兰素史克(Glaxo Smith Kline)在加拿大仿制药公司Apotex对其抗抑郁药帕罗西汀(Paxil)提起首次ANDA后,先后又在桔皮书上登记了9个专利,引起对Apotex公司共5次专利侵权诉讼,总遏制期累计达到65个月。180天的专利独占期也常常被新药公司与仿制药公司“协议共享”:创新药公司与仿制药公司达成协议,并支付一定的报酬,使其暂缓仿制药的上市。如果首次仿制药申报者的180天保护期尚未开始,FDA便不能批准其它同一品种的仿制药,新药公司就可继续享受一定时间的独占期。这种行为是违反反垄断法的。

Electronic

Electronic Arts pledges free use for five accessibility patents

Electronic Arts pledges free use for five accessibility patents Recently, Electronic Arts (EA) announced a patent pledge that gives other companies and developers free access to five of its current accessibility-related patents and technology. The company promised not to enforce against any party for infringing any of the listed patents. Instead, EA hopes to encourage “innovation” and build new features that make video games more inclusive on a much larger scale by opening up the patents.  Electronic Arts (EA) is an American video game company founded in 1982. The company owns many popular and famous games, such as The Sims, SimCity, Apex Legends, Madden NFL and FIFA. Each of the games has more than 30 or 50 million sales volume. Significantly, esports involves FIFA and Apex Legends into the event list. Apex Legends has up to 1 billion players, and it is so popular that it has a Switch version. Within the freely available patents, one of which grabs everyone’s attention -- Apex Legends’ ping system (patent No. US 11097189). The ping system in Apex Legends, which excellently allows players to make communication and teamwork quick and easy without hearing or speaking, has been praised both as an impressive alternative to voice chat and as a great accessibility feature for players with a variety of disabilities.  The other patents include the technology widely used in the FIFA and Madden NFL. The innovations can automatically detect and modify colors (patent No. US 10118097 and CN 107694092) and contrast ratios (patent No. US 10878540) to improve gamers’ visibility with colorblindness and low vision. Furthermore, one of the patents relates to personalized sound technology, helping players with hearing issues by modifying or creating music based on their preferences (patent No. US 10790919).   The code of the mentioned technology is published on EA’s GitHub, and it is open to all developers. Thus, the developers can use it or adapt it for their games without spending the costs to research. It is good that EA shares the patents for free use and aims to create an accessibility-increased gaming environment for players. However, it is not “unconditional” to use the listed patents. In the pledge, EA mentioned that it may terminate the promise for a specific party which files a patent infringement lawsuit or other patent proceedings against EA. We can see parts of EV’s ambition behind the announcement—to build a large game developer league and a community of shared interests.     Reference: https://www.ea.com/commitments/positive-play/accessibility-patent-pledge https://iknow.stpi.narl.org.tw/Post/Read.aspx?PostID=14562 https://www.polygon.com/22639469/apex-legends-electronic-arts-patent-pledge-accessibility-developers https://www.theverge.com/2021/8/24/22638535/ea-accessibility-patent-pledge-apex-legends-ping-system https://www.gamesradar.com/ea-secures-a-patent-for-the-apex-legends-ping-system-and-its-giving-it-away-for-free/ https://dotesports.com/apex-legends/news/apex-legends-ping-system-is-now-patent-free-for-accessibility https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2021/08/apex_legends_ping_system_now_patent-free_as_ea_announces_accessibility_pledge Recently, Electronic Arts (EA) announced a patent pledge that gives other companies and developers free access to five of its current accessibility-related patents and technology. The company promised not to enforce against any party for infringing any of the listed patents. Instead, EA hopes to encourage “innovation” and build new features that make video games more inclusive on a much larger scale by opening up the patents.    Electronic Arts (EA) is an American video game company founded in 1982. The company owns many popular and famous games, such as The Sims, SimCity, Apex Legends, Madden NFL and FIFA. Each of the games has more than 30 or 50 million sales volume. Significantly, esports involves FIFA and Apex Legends into the event list. Apex Legends has up to 1 billion players, and it is so popular that it has a Switch version.   Within the freely available patents, one of which grabs everyone’s attention -- Apex Legends’ ping system (patent No. US 11097189). The ping system in Apex Legends, which excellently allows players to make communication and teamwork quick and easy without hearing or speaking, has been praised both as an impressive alternative to voice chat and as a great accessibility feature for players with a variety of disabilities.    The other patents include the technology widely used in the FIFA and Madden NFL. The innovations can automatically detect and modify colors (patent No. US 10118097 and CN 107694092) and contrast ratios (patent No. US 10878540) to improve gamers’ visibility with colorblindness and low vision. Furthermore, one of the patents relates to personalized sound technology, helping players with hearing issues by modifying or creating music based on their preferences (patent No. US 10790919).   The
2021-10-22
The

The forum on "China's Intellectual Property-related Reform Measures and New Trends in Patent Litigation" will be held successfully!

The forum on "China's Intellectual Property-related Reform Measures and New Trends in Patent Litigation" will be held successfully! In response to the call for building a strong country with intellectual property rights, at 2 o'clock in the afternoon of October 21, the forum on "China's reform measures related to intellectual property rights and new trends in patent litigation" will be successfully held in Nanjing Jiangbei New District Industrial Technology Research and Innovation Park. The event was hosted by the Science and Technology Innovation Bureau of Nanjing Jiangbei New Area Management Committee, Nanjing Jiangbei New Area Industrial Technology Research and Innovation Park, Nanjing Intellectual Property Rights Protection Assistance Center Jiangbei New District Center, Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Consultant Co., Ltd., Nanjing Intellectual Property Co-organized by the Protection Center (Nanjing Intellectual Property Rights Protection Assistance Center), Taiwan Pharmaceutical Development Association, and Gene Online. The director of Nanjing Intellectual Property Protection Center, Mou Xiaojian, delivered a speech. Director Mu expressed his warm congratulations on the holding of this event and introduced in detail the new pattern of intellectual property protection in Nanjing. He said: At present, Nanjing has implemented a rights protection assistance network in the municipal area. With full coverage, Nanjing Intellectual Property Protection Center is willing to closely communicate and interact with Nanjing's innovation entities, and provide relevant public welfare services such as rapid pre-review, rapid rights protection, and comprehensive utilization for enterprises in need. In addition, Huang Funan, CEO of Gene Online, was unable to come to congratulate due to the epidemic, and recorded a congratulatory video. In the video, he said: China Innovative Pharmaceuticals has already made many outstanding achievements on the international stage, and these are inseparable from intellectual property rights. The support of the company can also show the importance of intellectual property rights to biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. This event invites four industry experts to focus on China's reform measures related to intellectual property rights and new trends in patent litigation, discuss with companies and universities, and make arrangements in advance. Dr. Qingchen Hou, general manager of Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Consulting Co., Ltd., introduced the "Guidelines for Building a Powerful Country with Intellectual Property Rights (2021-2035)" and explained his views from four aspects: background, strategic layout, overall requirements, and organizational guarantees. . Subsequently, a detailed analysis of China's patent linkage system was carried out, and compared with the same types of cases at home and abroad, questions were raised: Why should we reward the first person who successfully challenged patents? Not the first person to file a P4 application? And have a series of discussions with you. Director Jiang Haijun of the Intellectual Property Protection Legal Committee of the Nanjing Lawyers Association gave a speech on three points: the problems after the amendment of the patent law, the enforceability of the amount of compensation, and the legal conflicts related to service inventions. Regarding the patent right evaluation report, he emphasized that the patentee, interested party or accused infringer can also proactively issue a patent right evaluation report. "Patent is a work of art that combines technology and law" is a message shared by Mr. Feng Tao from Jiangsu Junbo Law Firm at this event. Mr. Feng analyzes the big data of Chinese patent litigation cases through graphs and examples. Explore. The last topic of the event was shared by Guo Huangying, Intellectual Property Manager of Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Agency (General Partnership)-China's Patent Infringement Judgment Principles and New Developments. Manager Guo explained to everyone the principles of patent infringement judgment and the necessity of patent infringement search and analysis before producing and selling products. In the intellectual property industry, ECCOM has been providing high-quality and professional comprehensive intellectual property services to enterprises and universities one step at a time. It also hopes that under the leadership of the state and the government, it will contribute to the building of a strong intellectual property nation in China. Make a contribution.
2021-10-22
Types

Types of patents that are easily overlooked- Design Patent

Types of patents that are easily overlooked- Design Patent In recent years, as the public’s awareness of intellectual property has increased, people have begun to consciously use the patent law to protect their intellectual property rights. However, in the process of implementation, they often only focus on invention patent and utility model patent, and tend to ignore the protection of design patent. Recently, Midea sued Haotaitai for two models of CXW-300-D998 and CXW-300-D908 Haotaitai brand range hoods In the case of suspected infringement of its design patent (patent number: ZL201930621598.X), the Guangzhou Intellectual Property Court made a first-instance judgment after hearing that it determined that the two products of Haotaitai constituted infringement, and ordered it to immediately stop the infringement and compensate Midea, The company's economic losses and reasonable expenses totaled 360,000 yuan. In fact, appearance infringement cases have occurred from time to time before, such as: "Molly" blind box design patent case, "Siemens" switch design patent infringement dispute case received a compensation of 6 million yuan, three Casio watch design patents were infringed Received a compensation of 8.8 million yuan and so on. The reason why people ignore the protection of design patents, in the final analysis, is that they have insufficient knowledge of design patents. Today, let's take a look at what is protected by design patents and what rights protections can we apply for? Design patent definition: Article 2 of the "Patent Law", design patent, refers to a new design that is aesthetically pleasing and suitable for industrial applications based on the shape, pattern, or combination of products, and the combination of color, shape, and pattern. Protected range: The shape of the product; the pattern of the product; the shape and pattern of the product; the shape and color of the product; the pattern and color of the product; the shape, pattern and color of the product. Protection period: The term of protection for design patent rights is 15 years, calculated from the date of filing. What are the conditions for applying for a design patent? The design should be aesthetically pleasing Appearance patents should be suitable for industrial applications The design patent application should be novel The design patent application should be inventiveness What are the advantages and functions of design patents? Protect the rights and interests of enterprises in product designs and fight against infringements in market competition. To enhance brand value, the quality and quantity of patents are the embodiment of the company's innovation ability and core competitiveness. Receive consumer recognition. If a company's new product appearance is filed for a patent in a timely manner, its appearance design will enjoy the exclusive right. Nowadays, consumers often choose products with trendy and beautiful appearance when buying their products. Applying for a design patent is a necessary condition for applying for a high-tech enterprise.
2021-09-26
Colopl

Colopl Settles Patent Infringement Lawsuit with Nintendo by Paying $30 Million

Colopl Settles Patent Infringement Lawsuit with Nintendo by Paying $30 Million   This August, Nintendo and a game developer Colopl announced that they have settled for patent infringement regarding White Cat Project (Shironeko Project in Japanese), a smartphone game developed by Colopl. Although both companies did not publicly share exact details of the settlement, at least it is sure that Colopl agreed to pay 3.3 billion yen (about US$30.2 million) as the settlement fee for the proceedings, including the future license of Nintendo's patents.    How did the battle begin?  Being developed and published by a Japanese game developer, Colopl, White Cat Project is a free-to-play action role-playing game for Android and iOS systems. The mobile game was launched in July 2014 as well as got a television anime adaptation in 2020. It is incredibly popular to have more than 50 million downloads. Furthermore, the game is set to receive a Switch version titled "Shironeko New Project".    In September 2016, Nintendo noted the Colopl's game and considered that the game had infringed on several of Nintendo's technology patents. The two companies communicated with each other for over a year; however, Nintendo did not accept the explanations from Colopl, and Nintendo filed a lawsuit against Colopl at the beginning of 2018.    Nintendo claimed that Colopl infringed 6 of its patents. These patents protect touch-screen joystick functionality (patent no. JP3734820), multiplayer connectivity (patent no. JP5595991, JP6271692), confirmation screens in sleep mode (patent no. JP4010533), character attacks based on touch input locations (patent no. JP4262217), and a shadow effect placed on characters hidden behind the game geometry (patent no. JP3637031).   These patents almost cover various ways of game technology, especially the patent  JP5595991 and JP6271692. Their patent family is wide-reaching, and many divisional applications of the family are pending in Japan. They protect a communication game system and its related devices. It is not easy to detect the patent's existence and boundary since this kind of hardcore technique is so common in the gaming field and our daily lives.     The five-year patent war has been settled.  After a five-year dispute, the situation appeared to turn in Nintendo's favor as the Switch maker increased its monetary demands, which convinced Colopl to strike a deal that lets it use the disputed patents. Furthermore, a Switch version of White Cat Project remains in the works at Colopl.    With the extraordinary losses of Colopl, the legal battle between the two companies came to an end.  
2021-09-09
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