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美国法庭对中国专利侵权的管辖权分析

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  • Time of issue:2016-08-05 16:39
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(Summary description)南京华讯报中国知识产权包括专利权的价值,除来自专利本身的技术含量外,亦与中国相关市场的大小息息相关。从第十一届中国专利奖中金奖项目的统计来看,便可窥豹一斑。例如,这届金奖项目颁奖报道:截至2008年底,本届15项金奖项目新增销售额累计428亿元,新增利润累计166亿元;170项优秀奖项目新增销售额累计2640亿元,新增利润累计415亿元。  外国机构(个人)对获取和收购中国专利的兴趣,也日益渐浓。

美国法庭对中国专利侵权的管辖权分析

(Summary description)南京华讯报中国知识产权包括专利权的价值,除来自专利本身的技术含量外,亦与中国相关市场的大小息息相关。从第十一届中国专利奖中金奖项目的统计来看,便可窥豹一斑。例如,这届金奖项目颁奖报道:截至2008年底,本届15项金奖项目新增销售额累计428亿元,新增利润累计166亿元;170项优秀奖项目新增销售额累计2640亿元,新增利润累计415亿元。  外国机构(个人)对获取和收购中国专利的兴趣,也日益渐浓。

  • Categories:最新消息
  • Author:
  • Origin:
  • Time of issue:2016-08-05 16:39
  • Views:
Information

  南京华讯报中国知识产权包括专利权的价值,除来自专利本身的技术含量外,亦与中国相关市场的大小息息相关。从第十一届中国专利奖中金奖项目的统计来看,便可窥豹一斑。例如,这届金奖项目颁奖报道:截至2008年底,本届15项金奖项目新增销售额累计428亿元,新增利润累计166亿元;170项优秀奖项目新增销售额累计2640亿元,新增利润累计415亿元。

  外国机构(个人)对获取和收购中国专利的兴趣,也日益渐浓。仅从外国机构通过申请方式获取专利件数的统计看,2001 年国外机构在中国获专利授权14981件,到2009年该数字已达80206件,一跃占据总授权数的13.8%。 再加上在市场收购的专利,外国机构拥有中国专利的数目及比率将会更大。

  因此,国外的中国专利权所有人,特别是在中国没有业务的中国专利所有权人,一旦发现有对其拥有的中国专利存在专利侵权行为,就会面临棘手的问题,因为这些国外的专利权人往往不具备在中国法院提起专利侵权诉讼的能力。而对他们说,基于语言的熟习、商务关系和对本土律师及对法律和司法制度的了解,当然首选其公司总部所在国的当地法院。但是,中国专利是在中国专利制度下申请得到的,并受中国专利法的保护。虽然外国法院可以通过专家来了解中国专利制度及法律,来判定被告是否在中国法律下实施了其专利(即是否侵权)。

  但是,在实际操作中,要决定是否侵权中国专利,首先得确定中国专利的权利要求内容所要求的、说明书及附图用于解释的专利保护范围。 外国法官往往没有中文阅读的能力,只能通过翻译好的中国专利来理解其权利要求、说明书及附图来解释专利保护范围。众所周知,同一句中文翻译成另一种文字,常常可以有几种不同的、但均合理的译意。而每种不同的翻译都对原文会有轻微不同的解释。其实翻译的过程本身也就是解释的过程。一般编译和解释往往不会对读者的正确理解产生影响,比如文学作品、新闻、科学和非法律文本内容等。但对于专利文件来说,翻译中略微的解释都会导致对专利保护范围的要求理解不一致。而这种轻微不同的专利保护范围的不一致,常常导致对是否存在专利侵权、专利是否有效做出不同的判定。这样一来,以非中文作为工作语言的外国法院必须判定哪种翻译更为合理。而要给法院解释那种翻译更为合理,又得回到依赖大量中文词汇和语法的引用和依据,来解释各种翻译的合理性。由此,国外的中国专利所有权人如果想要在本土法庭提起有关中国专利侵权之请求,外国法庭会追根逐末,受理这种请求吗?

  如果这个问题提给美国的法庭,一般的答案应该是不会受理。但实际上未必尽然。南京华讯就是通过讲叙一个真实的案例,介绍一件专利侵权诉讼案,以探讨美国法庭对中国专利侵权请求之管辖权的态度。

  1、案情简介

  本案原告为一家叫作“三维”⑥的美国公司。三维在中国既无分公司也无合作伙伴。事情的起源是三维购得两项专利及其专利许可合同。这两项专利是由中国发明人发明的、涉及同一技术的美国专利和中国专利。专利许可则是与另一家在本文中称作“飞兆”

  的美国(跨国)公司签的合同,容许飞兆实施该两项中美专利所保护的技术。许可协议中包含有管辖地选择条款,称合同纠纷可在美国得克沙斯州或缅因州联邦法庭诉讼。之后,飞兆拒交许可费,称其没有实施两项专利所保护的技术。三维与飞兆多次交涉未果。于是,三维在宣布中止与飞兆的专利许可合同之后,在美国得克沙斯州东区联邦法庭递交诉状,诉飞兆侵权其美国专利。而在同一天,飞兆亦在缅因州联邦法庭(以下简称“缅因法庭”)递交“宣告不侵权”的诉讼,其中包括请求法庭判其不侵权三维的中国专利。⑧因为时差关系,“宣告不侵权”之诉状递入缅因法庭先于三维之诉状。

  ⑨从而两案合一,交缅因法庭听审。三维随之又在中国四川成都中级人民法院提起诉讼,状告飞兆侵权其拥有的中国专利。

  2、三维认为美国法庭对中国专利请求无管辖权的理由

  在缅因法庭上,三维要求缅因法庭取消或避免听审飞兆的请求,理由是:就飞兆不侵权三维中国专利的听审,法庭需要对中国专利的保护范围加以解释,而美国法庭无权解释中国专利的保护范围,或者至少应该拒绝参与这种解释。

  ⑪三维的依据来自源于1941年美国最高法院对一案件的终审判决中提出的“弃权学说(Abstention Doctrine),”⑫后来该学说逐步发展并定义为:如果某法院对案件中某些请求的审理可能会侵犯另一法院的权力,则该法院应该(或在某些情况下必须)拒绝受理该请求。⑬三维称:巡回法庭应进一步将“弃权学说”扩展引用到像本案一样的、具有多样性管辖权(Diversity Jurisdiction)的案子,⑭ 而且在后来其他判例中(如Voda案、

  ⑮Mars案⑯ 和Stein案⑰)更进一步地限制美国法庭对外国专利请求的管辖权。三维说,这些理由解释了为什么至今没有任何美国法庭受理过外国专利侵权的听审请求。⑱

  3、飞兆认为美国法庭对中国专利请求有管辖权的理由

  对此,飞兆则提出了诸项反驳三维的理由,主要归结于:本案双方是处于不同州之法人实体,具有多样性管辖权,为三维引用的前例案中所不具有。⑲ 飞兆还举出Baker-Bauman判例来支持缅因法庭对中国专利请求具有管辖权的观点。⑳ 指出在Baker-Bauman的案例中,法庭认为Voda案和Stein案的判决中均未设及多样性管辖权的问题,从而,Voda案和Stein案于本案无指导意义,因此缅因法庭在多样性管辖权的前提下对中国专利请求有管辖权。㉑

  4、缅因法庭对中国专利请求管辖权的判决

  缅因法庭判定法庭有中国专利侵权请求之管辖权。㉒法庭首先肯定了Voda案的判决,总结了为什么一般情况下美国法庭应该避免听审有关外国专利的请求:㉓

  (1)“对外国专利的有效性和侵权裁决可能会影响美国在知识产权条约下的义务;

  (2)礼让与主权的关系通常教导美国司法尊重外国法院对涉外专利侵权索赔的权利:因为美国法庭没有国际义务来作裁决,也不方便做这种裁决,没有任何理由认为外国法庭不能充分保护外国专利的权利,并可能影响到外国政府的主权;还有像土地纠纷一样的专利侵权纠纷之管辖权应当在本土;同时补充性管辖权章程对管辖权的授予含糊不清;

  (3)尽管多国专利的裁决可能导致高效率,在缺乏承认外国判决的机制下,司法效率要求避免复杂的国外专利问题;

  (4)就应用管辖权不方便(forum non

  conveniens)分析中,由方便性因素导致的问题不利于法庭做出处理外国专利的判决;

  (5)为防止美国法院查询另一个主权的官方行为而设立了“国家行为”的学说,当该学说不容许法院来确定外国专利有效问题时,让美国法院来确定是否侵权是不公平的。”

  同时,缅因法庭指出:在Voda案的判决中点明了法庭没有考虑多样性管辖权的情况,㉔这其实是暗指巡回法庭如考虑多样性管辖权,Voda案的判决或许有所不同。

  缅因法庭认为专利许可协议中有管辖地选择条款是最有说服力的理由。㉕法庭举出联邦巡回法庭在1986年Warner案的判决来支持其论点。 ㉖在Warner案中,争议双方事先也有协议,其中选择条款规定管辖地于美国(被告)和意大利(原告)。㉗在Warner案中,原告在美国法庭起诉,但初审法庭和上诉法庭均判决:根据选择条款规定,原告必须到意大利去起诉。 ㉘最后,法庭指出(1)美国法庭有先例,强制执行管辖地选择,容许意大利法庭来解释美国专利,以及(2)有他国法庭听审与美国专利法有关的案例,㉙驳回三维要求法庭避免听审中国专利的请求。㉚

  值得一提的是,缅因法庭做出这样的判决还考虑到本案没有提及中国专利无效的请求,因为缅因法庭认为听审专利无效的请求会涉及他国专利局的主权。㉛

  5、三维认为法庭错判的理由

  三维认为法庭判决有误, 因为其判决基于的Warner案和本案相关性不大。㉜三维提出:缅因法庭的上级法院、联邦第一巡回法庭的判例来说明选择条款规定中使用的语言有“必须(mandatory)管辖地”和“容许(permissive)管辖地”之分。㉝在Warner案的许可协议中所用的语言“(被告)的任何诉讼必须在俄亥俄州的克里夫兰提起,而(原告)的任何诉讼必须在意大利的维琴察提起”是“必须管辖地”选择的规定语言。㉞第一巡回法庭历来都强制执行这种语言下的管辖地选择。㉟而本案许可协议中的语言“双方同意(consent)缅因州的联邦法庭和得克萨斯州的东区或北区的联邦法庭为管辖地”是“容许管辖地”选择的规定语言。㊱在这种规定语言下,第一巡回法庭从来没有更不会强制执行管辖地选择。㊲因此Warner案的判例对本案没有指导意义。

  基于对缅因法庭的判决不服,三维决定上诉。上诉的理由是:缅因法庭没有区分管辖地选择条款规定所用语言有“必须”和“容许”的差别,从而做出错误的判决。但双方之后很快实现了庭下和解,因此上诉没有最终获得上级法院判决。

  6、结束语

  从上述对该案例的分析可以看出:在一般情况下,美国法庭不会受理听审中国专利侵权请求。但如果原告和被告事先有约,约定美国法庭对中国专利侵权有管辖权,并且这种约定的语言为必须性及请求不涉及专利无效的问题,美国法庭极可能受理听审中国专利侵权的请求。但如果这种约定的语言为容许性或请求涉及专利无效的问题,则法庭受理之可能性很小。

  在国际贸易中,由于有知识产权的介入,双方协议约定管辖权变得既重要又复杂。正如缅因法庭在其判决中所指出,“在市场全球化下,知识产权纠纷可能涉及许多国家的专利法。解决这些纠纷时的不明朗因素和复杂性会增加经营成本,从而增加消费者的成本。”㊳法庭强调,“在有可能的情况下,事先用商业协议来确定好对双方来说都是最方便谈判的管辖地,对解决争端,似乎是一剂有益的良药。”㊴法庭也意识到翻译外语的专利权力要求、解释外国法律和外国专利法、以及理解外国专利制度的难处。㊵但是,缅因法庭认为,“即使是本国(美国)的专利法也有诸多难点,”㊶何况,“这些难点在过去(我们)判定国际合同侵权及侵权带来的损失时也都是必须要面对的。”㊷

  无论如何,南京华讯寄予本文的建议是:律师在撰写外国专利许可协议时,应对管辖地选择及其约定的语言之应用,慎之又慎。

Electronic

Electronic Arts pledges free use for five accessibility patents

Electronic Arts pledges free use for five accessibility patents Recently, Electronic Arts (EA) announced a patent pledge that gives other companies and developers free access to five of its current accessibility-related patents and technology. The company promised not to enforce against any party for infringing any of the listed patents. Instead, EA hopes to encourage “innovation” and build new features that make video games more inclusive on a much larger scale by opening up the patents.  Electronic Arts (EA) is an American video game company founded in 1982. The company owns many popular and famous games, such as The Sims, SimCity, Apex Legends, Madden NFL and FIFA. Each of the games has more than 30 or 50 million sales volume. Significantly, esports involves FIFA and Apex Legends into the event list. Apex Legends has up to 1 billion players, and it is so popular that it has a Switch version. Within the freely available patents, one of which grabs everyone’s attention -- Apex Legends’ ping system (patent No. US 11097189). The ping system in Apex Legends, which excellently allows players to make communication and teamwork quick and easy without hearing or speaking, has been praised both as an impressive alternative to voice chat and as a great accessibility feature for players with a variety of disabilities.  The other patents include the technology widely used in the FIFA and Madden NFL. The innovations can automatically detect and modify colors (patent No. US 10118097 and CN 107694092) and contrast ratios (patent No. US 10878540) to improve gamers’ visibility with colorblindness and low vision. Furthermore, one of the patents relates to personalized sound technology, helping players with hearing issues by modifying or creating music based on their preferences (patent No. US 10790919).   The code of the mentioned technology is published on EA’s GitHub, and it is open to all developers. Thus, the developers can use it or adapt it for their games without spending the costs to research. It is good that EA shares the patents for free use and aims to create an accessibility-increased gaming environment for players. However, it is not “unconditional” to use the listed patents. In the pledge, EA mentioned that it may terminate the promise for a specific party which files a patent infringement lawsuit or other patent proceedings against EA. We can see parts of EV’s ambition behind the announcement—to build a large game developer league and a community of shared interests.     Reference: https://www.ea.com/commitments/positive-play/accessibility-patent-pledge https://iknow.stpi.narl.org.tw/Post/Read.aspx?PostID=14562 https://www.polygon.com/22639469/apex-legends-electronic-arts-patent-pledge-accessibility-developers https://www.theverge.com/2021/8/24/22638535/ea-accessibility-patent-pledge-apex-legends-ping-system https://www.gamesradar.com/ea-secures-a-patent-for-the-apex-legends-ping-system-and-its-giving-it-away-for-free/ https://dotesports.com/apex-legends/news/apex-legends-ping-system-is-now-patent-free-for-accessibility https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2021/08/apex_legends_ping_system_now_patent-free_as_ea_announces_accessibility_pledge Recently, Electronic Arts (EA) announced a patent pledge that gives other companies and developers free access to five of its current accessibility-related patents and technology. The company promised not to enforce against any party for infringing any of the listed patents. Instead, EA hopes to encourage “innovation” and build new features that make video games more inclusive on a much larger scale by opening up the patents.    Electronic Arts (EA) is an American video game company founded in 1982. The company owns many popular and famous games, such as The Sims, SimCity, Apex Legends, Madden NFL and FIFA. Each of the games has more than 30 or 50 million sales volume. Significantly, esports involves FIFA and Apex Legends into the event list. Apex Legends has up to 1 billion players, and it is so popular that it has a Switch version.   Within the freely available patents, one of which grabs everyone’s attention -- Apex Legends’ ping system (patent No. US 11097189). The ping system in Apex Legends, which excellently allows players to make communication and teamwork quick and easy without hearing or speaking, has been praised both as an impressive alternative to voice chat and as a great accessibility feature for players with a variety of disabilities.    The other patents include the technology widely used in the FIFA and Madden NFL. The innovations can automatically detect and modify colors (patent No. US 10118097 and CN 107694092) and contrast ratios (patent No. US 10878540) to improve gamers’ visibility with colorblindness and low vision. Furthermore, one of the patents relates to personalized sound technology, helping players with hearing issues by modifying or creating music based on their preferences (patent No. US 10790919).   The
2021-10-22
The

The forum on "China's Intellectual Property-related Reform Measures and New Trends in Patent Litigation" will be held successfully!

The forum on "China's Intellectual Property-related Reform Measures and New Trends in Patent Litigation" will be held successfully! In response to the call for building a strong country with intellectual property rights, at 2 o'clock in the afternoon of October 21, the forum on "China's reform measures related to intellectual property rights and new trends in patent litigation" will be successfully held in Nanjing Jiangbei New District Industrial Technology Research and Innovation Park. The event was hosted by the Science and Technology Innovation Bureau of Nanjing Jiangbei New Area Management Committee, Nanjing Jiangbei New Area Industrial Technology Research and Innovation Park, Nanjing Intellectual Property Rights Protection Assistance Center Jiangbei New District Center, Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Consultant Co., Ltd., Nanjing Intellectual Property Co-organized by the Protection Center (Nanjing Intellectual Property Rights Protection Assistance Center), Taiwan Pharmaceutical Development Association, and Gene Online. The director of Nanjing Intellectual Property Protection Center, Mou Xiaojian, delivered a speech. Director Mu expressed his warm congratulations on the holding of this event and introduced in detail the new pattern of intellectual property protection in Nanjing. He said: At present, Nanjing has implemented a rights protection assistance network in the municipal area. With full coverage, Nanjing Intellectual Property Protection Center is willing to closely communicate and interact with Nanjing's innovation entities, and provide relevant public welfare services such as rapid pre-review, rapid rights protection, and comprehensive utilization for enterprises in need. In addition, Huang Funan, CEO of Gene Online, was unable to come to congratulate due to the epidemic, and recorded a congratulatory video. In the video, he said: China Innovative Pharmaceuticals has already made many outstanding achievements on the international stage, and these are inseparable from intellectual property rights. The support of the company can also show the importance of intellectual property rights to biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. This event invites four industry experts to focus on China's reform measures related to intellectual property rights and new trends in patent litigation, discuss with companies and universities, and make arrangements in advance. Dr. Qingchen Hou, general manager of Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Consulting Co., Ltd., introduced the "Guidelines for Building a Powerful Country with Intellectual Property Rights (2021-2035)" and explained his views from four aspects: background, strategic layout, overall requirements, and organizational guarantees. . Subsequently, a detailed analysis of China's patent linkage system was carried out, and compared with the same types of cases at home and abroad, questions were raised: Why should we reward the first person who successfully challenged patents? Not the first person to file a P4 application? And have a series of discussions with you. Director Jiang Haijun of the Intellectual Property Protection Legal Committee of the Nanjing Lawyers Association gave a speech on three points: the problems after the amendment of the patent law, the enforceability of the amount of compensation, and the legal conflicts related to service inventions. Regarding the patent right evaluation report, he emphasized that the patentee, interested party or accused infringer can also proactively issue a patent right evaluation report. "Patent is a work of art that combines technology and law" is a message shared by Mr. Feng Tao from Jiangsu Junbo Law Firm at this event. Mr. Feng analyzes the big data of Chinese patent litigation cases through graphs and examples. Explore. The last topic of the event was shared by Guo Huangying, Intellectual Property Manager of Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Agency (General Partnership)-China's Patent Infringement Judgment Principles and New Developments. Manager Guo explained to everyone the principles of patent infringement judgment and the necessity of patent infringement search and analysis before producing and selling products. In the intellectual property industry, ECCOM has been providing high-quality and professional comprehensive intellectual property services to enterprises and universities one step at a time. It also hopes that under the leadership of the state and the government, it will contribute to the building of a strong intellectual property nation in China. Make a contribution.
2021-10-22
Types

Types of patents that are easily overlooked- Design Patent

Types of patents that are easily overlooked- Design Patent In recent years, as the public’s awareness of intellectual property has increased, people have begun to consciously use the patent law to protect their intellectual property rights. However, in the process of implementation, they often only focus on invention patent and utility model patent, and tend to ignore the protection of design patent. Recently, Midea sued Haotaitai for two models of CXW-300-D998 and CXW-300-D908 Haotaitai brand range hoods In the case of suspected infringement of its design patent (patent number: ZL201930621598.X), the Guangzhou Intellectual Property Court made a first-instance judgment after hearing that it determined that the two products of Haotaitai constituted infringement, and ordered it to immediately stop the infringement and compensate Midea, The company's economic losses and reasonable expenses totaled 360,000 yuan. In fact, appearance infringement cases have occurred from time to time before, such as: "Molly" blind box design patent case, "Siemens" switch design patent infringement dispute case received a compensation of 6 million yuan, three Casio watch design patents were infringed Received a compensation of 8.8 million yuan and so on. The reason why people ignore the protection of design patents, in the final analysis, is that they have insufficient knowledge of design patents. Today, let's take a look at what is protected by design patents and what rights protections can we apply for? Design patent definition: Article 2 of the "Patent Law", design patent, refers to a new design that is aesthetically pleasing and suitable for industrial applications based on the shape, pattern, or combination of products, and the combination of color, shape, and pattern. Protected range: The shape of the product; the pattern of the product; the shape and pattern of the product; the shape and color of the product; the pattern and color of the product; the shape, pattern and color of the product. Protection period: The term of protection for design patent rights is 15 years, calculated from the date of filing. What are the conditions for applying for a design patent? The design should be aesthetically pleasing Appearance patents should be suitable for industrial applications The design patent application should be novel The design patent application should be inventiveness What are the advantages and functions of design patents? Protect the rights and interests of enterprises in product designs and fight against infringements in market competition. To enhance brand value, the quality and quantity of patents are the embodiment of the company's innovation ability and core competitiveness. Receive consumer recognition. If a company's new product appearance is filed for a patent in a timely manner, its appearance design will enjoy the exclusive right. Nowadays, consumers often choose products with trendy and beautiful appearance when buying their products. Applying for a design patent is a necessary condition for applying for a high-tech enterprise.
2021-09-26
Colopl

Colopl Settles Patent Infringement Lawsuit with Nintendo by Paying $30 Million

Colopl Settles Patent Infringement Lawsuit with Nintendo by Paying $30 Million   This August, Nintendo and a game developer Colopl announced that they have settled for patent infringement regarding White Cat Project (Shironeko Project in Japanese), a smartphone game developed by Colopl. Although both companies did not publicly share exact details of the settlement, at least it is sure that Colopl agreed to pay 3.3 billion yen (about US$30.2 million) as the settlement fee for the proceedings, including the future license of Nintendo's patents.    How did the battle begin?  Being developed and published by a Japanese game developer, Colopl, White Cat Project is a free-to-play action role-playing game for Android and iOS systems. The mobile game was launched in July 2014 as well as got a television anime adaptation in 2020. It is incredibly popular to have more than 50 million downloads. Furthermore, the game is set to receive a Switch version titled "Shironeko New Project".    In September 2016, Nintendo noted the Colopl's game and considered that the game had infringed on several of Nintendo's technology patents. The two companies communicated with each other for over a year; however, Nintendo did not accept the explanations from Colopl, and Nintendo filed a lawsuit against Colopl at the beginning of 2018.    Nintendo claimed that Colopl infringed 6 of its patents. These patents protect touch-screen joystick functionality (patent no. JP3734820), multiplayer connectivity (patent no. JP5595991, JP6271692), confirmation screens in sleep mode (patent no. JP4010533), character attacks based on touch input locations (patent no. JP4262217), and a shadow effect placed on characters hidden behind the game geometry (patent no. JP3637031).   These patents almost cover various ways of game technology, especially the patent  JP5595991 and JP6271692. Their patent family is wide-reaching, and many divisional applications of the family are pending in Japan. They protect a communication game system and its related devices. It is not easy to detect the patent's existence and boundary since this kind of hardcore technique is so common in the gaming field and our daily lives.     The five-year patent war has been settled.  After a five-year dispute, the situation appeared to turn in Nintendo's favor as the Switch maker increased its monetary demands, which convinced Colopl to strike a deal that lets it use the disputed patents. Furthermore, a Switch version of White Cat Project remains in the works at Colopl.    With the extraordinary losses of Colopl, the legal battle between the two companies came to an end.  
2021-09-09
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