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美国HATCH-WAXMAN法案简介

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  • Time of issue:2017-04-17 14:40
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(Summary description)Hatch-Waxman法案又叫做《药品价格竞争与专利期补偿法》,由美国国会议员SenatorHatch和Rep.Waxman于1984年联合提出,因此,常常以他们两个人的名字来命名这个法案。该法案被誉为当今美国仿制药、即非专利药工业的催化剂,对美国乃至世界制药产业产生了深远的影响。  一、产生背景  美国的制药产业可以分为两大类,即原研药产业(BrandPharma)和仿制药产业(Generic

美国HATCH-WAXMAN法案简介

(Summary description)Hatch-Waxman法案又叫做《药品价格竞争与专利期补偿法》,由美国国会议员SenatorHatch和Rep.Waxman于1984年联合提出,因此,常常以他们两个人的名字来命名这个法案。该法案被誉为当今美国仿制药、即非专利药工业的催化剂,对美国乃至世界制药产业产生了深远的影响。  一、产生背景  美国的制药产业可以分为两大类,即原研药产业(BrandPharma)和仿制药产业(Generic

  • Categories:最新消息
  • Author:
  • Origin:
  • Time of issue:2017-04-17 14:40
  • Views:
Information

  Hatch-Waxman法案又叫做《药品价格竞争与专利期补偿法》,由美国国会议员Senator Hatch和Rep.Waxman于1984年联合提出,因此,常常以他们两个人的名字来命名这个法案。该法案被誉为当今美国仿制药、即非专利药工业的催化剂,对美国乃至世界制药产业产生了深远的影响。

  一、产生背景

  美国的制药产业可以分为两大类,即原研药产业(Brand Pharma)和仿制药产业(Generic Pharma)。前者通常规模庞大,其品牌深入人心,企业年销售额动辙几十亿甚至几百亿美元。而所谓的仿制药,一般是指原研药专利过期后,在疗效上同原研药一致、以原研药的“化学名”或“通用名”经批准后上市的药品。

  众所周知,原研药开发具有投资大、风险大、难度大和周期长的特点。从发现可能成药的新的先导化合物,申请专利开始,要进行漫长的研究工作,才能最终把一个新药推向市场。往往药品上市后,其化合物专利也将很快地到期。如果没有一定期限的市场独占权,原研药企业将无法获得足够的药物研发回报,从而导致投入的巨额研发费用得不到市场的补偿,这个情况将极大挫伤原研药企业进行新药研究的热情。

  另一方面,由于原研药物通过专利保护获得了市场垄断,其价格过高,造成了医药费用的支出过高。加快仿制药物尽快上市,将对控制药品价格、降低医药费用支出具有极为重要的作用。两方面的矛盾在1983年Roche诉Bolar侵权案中得到了集中体现。

  1983年,Bolar公司为能尽早上市Roche公司的安眠药盐酸氟西泮仿制品,在该产品专利届满前,从加拿大进口了该药物的原料化合物,开展了生物等效性试验等向美国FDA申请仿制药物上市许可所需的研究。1983年7月28日,罗氏公司诉Bolar制药公司专利侵权。经过二审,联邦巡回上诉法院审理认为,为药品进行生物等效性试验是有商业目的的,不属于专利法中的不视为侵权的实验研究,最终判定Bolar公司侵权。但法院同时提出,在专利保护期终止前禁止仿制药物的试验研究实际上是变相延长了专利保护期,这一矛盾应通过立法解决。 这样,Bolar公司的败诉,促使了美国药品专利保护制度的修改,为了平衡原研药公司专利权时间过短以及促进仿制药尽快上市之间的矛盾,美国国会于1984年通过了《药品价格竞争与专利期补偿法》,又称Hatch-Waxman法案。

  二、主要内容

  Hatch-Waxman法案的核心内容很好地反映在了法案名称上,即通过加快仿制药上市来鼓励药品的价格竞争;并通过延长药品专利期来弥补由于药品开发所失去的有效专利时间。其主要内容包括如下方面。

  1、延长原研药厂家的专利期限,以弥补由于新药审批所带来的专利时限的消耗;

  2、通过专利侵权豁免规定,仿制药研发厂家如果是为了上市申请的目的,在原研药的专利年限内,只要符合FDA的法规,就可以进行仿制药的研发,而不会被认为侵权;(即著名的“Bolar例外”条款)

  3、设立机制来挑战原研药专利的合法性,为对原研药专利的合法性、可执行性,或侵权性进行挑战的行为设立奖励政策;

  在1984年Hatch-Waxman法案通过之前,仿制药的审批程序与原研药没有区别,被要求进行与原研药生产商一样的安全和有效性试验,以获得FDA的批准。此外,专利保护又禁止仿制药生产者在专利失效以前使用原研药的数据和开始仿制药的申请。因此,即使在原研药的专利失效后,仿制药生产者仍要经过相当长的时间才能完成仿制药的审批过程。这样一来,仿制药上市时间的滞后使得原研药的专利期得到了事实上的延长,极大的限制了研制仿制药的商业动力。

  Hatch-Waxman法案则极大地简化了仿制药的审批程序,仿制药申请人仅需向FDA提供数据证明该仿制药在药学上与参照药等同,并提供数据,证明仿制药同参照药之间的生物等效性即可,称为简略新药申请(Abbreviated New Drug Application),通常简称ANDA。Hatch-Waxman法案假设生物等效性是药品安全性和有效性的一个良好的替代指标,虽然在成百上千的仿制药被批准并且在病人身上有效使用后的今天,这些假设都得以验证,但是在1984年,当生物等效性理论还没有完善时,这些假设是极其伟大的进步。

  Hatch-Waxman法案的贡献还在于规范化了仿制药企业对原研药专利的挑战过程。原研药行业一般对于其原研药物设立了重重专利保护。这些专利中,有些是长期高质量研究发展工作的结晶,有些却更近于为了阻碍仿制药进入市场而玩的文字游戏,其专利性存在较多漏洞。Hatch-Waxman法案给仿制药行业提供了一个挑战后一类专利的机制。它规定,仿制药申请,必须同时进行以下四种有关原研药的专利状态的声明之一。

  声明Ⅰ:该药品无专利。

  声明Ⅱ:该药品有专利,但该专利已经失效。

  声明Ⅲ:在相关专利失效前,不要求FDA批准该仿制药。

  声明Ⅳ:与申请的仿制药相关的专利是无效的或者仿制药并不侵权。

  以第I或第Ⅱ声明为基础的仿制药申请,满足了所有法规和科学要求之后就会被批准。以第Ⅲ声明为基础的仿制药申请,则要等到专利过期后,才能得到批准。而以第Ⅳ声明、即挑战专利声明为基础的仿制药申请,其申请者必须首先通知专利权人。专利权人可以在收到该通知的45天内提出专利侵权诉讼。一旦专利所有者提出诉讼,FDA则在30个月内不能批准该药,除非法庭在此之前判决原研药专利无效或侵权不存在。

  为了鼓励仿制药公司挑战原研药专利的合法性,Hatch-Waxman法案规定,对第一个以第Ⅳ声明为基础向FDA提出简化新药申请的企业,批准后可被授予180天市场独占权。在市场独占期间内,该公司能够收回费用,并在市场被其他仿制药充斥之前确立其地位。此项条款对于仿制药行业有巨大的激励作用,因为一般来说,由于价格竞争的因素,是否获得180天市场独占期对收益可以产生五到十倍的区别。

  但是,假如在法律战开始之前仿制药公司被FDA批准,原研药公司将没有追诉权,即使法院判定专利有效,也有可能无法从资金不足的仿制药公司获得赔偿。因此, Hatch-Waxman法案对FDA最后批准某项ANDA,特设了上述30个月的延迟期。

  Hatch-Waxman法案获得了高度评价,它平衡了大众利益与药品制造商之间的利益,也平衡了原研药物制造商与仿制药物制造商之间的利益,即鼓励了新药的研究开发,也鼓励了仿制药物的尽快上市。在其实施后的10年至15年,这个制度发挥了巨大的作用。统计表明,仿制药销售额占药品总销售额的比例,已由该法案实施之前的19%上升到了55%,消费者平均每年节省药费开支至少80亿至100亿美元。

  三、发展与修正

  然而,到了上世纪90年代末,各制药公司逐渐采用了一些比较精明的方法,利用Hatch-Waxman法案的一些漏洞,极力对抗仿制药的挑战。一种策略是申请无多大价值的新专利,以引发连续多个30个月延迟期,使仿制药公司陷入多年的法律纠纷。另一种方法是与第一个提出ANDA的仿制药公司签订协议,即原研药公司支付给已经取得180天市场独占权的仿制药公司几百万美元,仿制药公司则承诺不上市其竞争的仿制药,从而防止其他公司的仿制药进入市场。

  根据这些情况,2003年颁布的《医疗现代化法》(Medicare Modernization Act),对Hatch-Waxman法案进行了修正,防止反竞争行为进一步发展。根据新的立法,原研药公司对每个产品只能提出一次30个月延迟期的申请,如果在30个月延迟期结束之前,法院认定原研药公司专利无效,便允许仿制药上市。

  而对于“180天独占期”,也澄清其允许在同一天提出ANDA的多个公司共享独占期优惠。另外,如果一个公司在法院批准后的75天之内未能上市其仿制药,这个公司便失去了其应有的独占权。这些措施有效弥补了原Hatch-Waxman法案的漏洞。

  四、未来与思考

  经过修正的Hatch-Waxman法虽有所加强,然而,原研药公司却很快寻找到了新的办法来应对。而对仿制药企业最有杀伤力的策略,就是近来已经出现的“授权仿制”。按照这种新策略,一旦原研药公司认为某仿制药公司即将推出一种仿制药会对其构成威胁时,他们便会授权另一家仿制药公司、有时候甚至通过自己旗下的仿制药子公司销售得到授权的仿制药,从而消除了第一个挑战该药专利的仿制药企业所享有的180天市场独占权,与其争夺市场占有率,这常常会带来价格下跌,仿制药企业的市场赢利能力将大大下降,甚至不足以补足其前期开发的资金投入。这对那些自己开发销售了同类仿制药的仿制药公司来说,是极大的打压,甚至有可能让他们一无所获,进而影响到公司的发展甚至生存。授权仿制的存在无疑让仿制药企业与原研药企业重新站在了不公平竞争的境地之上。

  不难看出,美国制药业近半个世纪来在科研开发和市场销售上保持着举足轻重的世界领先地位,与美国政府的一系列制度安排和政策法规对药品市场上各种利益冲突的调节和制衡密不可分。日前,美国医疗改革势在必行,而药品价格高昂所带来的医疗费用增长等问题无疑是其中至关重要的因素。面对日益成长的仿制药市场,法律将在强大的原研药公司与崛起的仿制药公司之间做出如何姿态,我们拭目以待。

Electronic

Electronic Arts pledges free use for five accessibility patents

Electronic Arts pledges free use for five accessibility patents Recently, Electronic Arts (EA) announced a patent pledge that gives other companies and developers free access to five of its current accessibility-related patents and technology. The company promised not to enforce against any party for infringing any of the listed patents. Instead, EA hopes to encourage “innovation” and build new features that make video games more inclusive on a much larger scale by opening up the patents.  Electronic Arts (EA) is an American video game company founded in 1982. The company owns many popular and famous games, such as The Sims, SimCity, Apex Legends, Madden NFL and FIFA. Each of the games has more than 30 or 50 million sales volume. Significantly, esports involves FIFA and Apex Legends into the event list. Apex Legends has up to 1 billion players, and it is so popular that it has a Switch version. Within the freely available patents, one of which grabs everyone’s attention -- Apex Legends’ ping system (patent No. US 11097189). The ping system in Apex Legends, which excellently allows players to make communication and teamwork quick and easy without hearing or speaking, has been praised both as an impressive alternative to voice chat and as a great accessibility feature for players with a variety of disabilities.  The other patents include the technology widely used in the FIFA and Madden NFL. The innovations can automatically detect and modify colors (patent No. US 10118097 and CN 107694092) and contrast ratios (patent No. US 10878540) to improve gamers’ visibility with colorblindness and low vision. Furthermore, one of the patents relates to personalized sound technology, helping players with hearing issues by modifying or creating music based on their preferences (patent No. US 10790919).   The code of the mentioned technology is published on EA’s GitHub, and it is open to all developers. Thus, the developers can use it or adapt it for their games without spending the costs to research. It is good that EA shares the patents for free use and aims to create an accessibility-increased gaming environment for players. However, it is not “unconditional” to use the listed patents. In the pledge, EA mentioned that it may terminate the promise for a specific party which files a patent infringement lawsuit or other patent proceedings against EA. We can see parts of EV’s ambition behind the announcement—to build a large game developer league and a community of shared interests.     Reference: https://www.ea.com/commitments/positive-play/accessibility-patent-pledge https://iknow.stpi.narl.org.tw/Post/Read.aspx?PostID=14562 https://www.polygon.com/22639469/apex-legends-electronic-arts-patent-pledge-accessibility-developers https://www.theverge.com/2021/8/24/22638535/ea-accessibility-patent-pledge-apex-legends-ping-system https://www.gamesradar.com/ea-secures-a-patent-for-the-apex-legends-ping-system-and-its-giving-it-away-for-free/ https://dotesports.com/apex-legends/news/apex-legends-ping-system-is-now-patent-free-for-accessibility https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2021/08/apex_legends_ping_system_now_patent-free_as_ea_announces_accessibility_pledge Recently, Electronic Arts (EA) announced a patent pledge that gives other companies and developers free access to five of its current accessibility-related patents and technology. The company promised not to enforce against any party for infringing any of the listed patents. Instead, EA hopes to encourage “innovation” and build new features that make video games more inclusive on a much larger scale by opening up the patents.    Electronic Arts (EA) is an American video game company founded in 1982. The company owns many popular and famous games, such as The Sims, SimCity, Apex Legends, Madden NFL and FIFA. Each of the games has more than 30 or 50 million sales volume. Significantly, esports involves FIFA and Apex Legends into the event list. Apex Legends has up to 1 billion players, and it is so popular that it has a Switch version.   Within the freely available patents, one of which grabs everyone’s attention -- Apex Legends’ ping system (patent No. US 11097189). The ping system in Apex Legends, which excellently allows players to make communication and teamwork quick and easy without hearing or speaking, has been praised both as an impressive alternative to voice chat and as a great accessibility feature for players with a variety of disabilities.    The other patents include the technology widely used in the FIFA and Madden NFL. The innovations can automatically detect and modify colors (patent No. US 10118097 and CN 107694092) and contrast ratios (patent No. US 10878540) to improve gamers’ visibility with colorblindness and low vision. Furthermore, one of the patents relates to personalized sound technology, helping players with hearing issues by modifying or creating music based on their preferences (patent No. US 10790919).   The
2021-10-22
The

The forum on "China's Intellectual Property-related Reform Measures and New Trends in Patent Litigation" will be held successfully!

The forum on "China's Intellectual Property-related Reform Measures and New Trends in Patent Litigation" will be held successfully! In response to the call for building a strong country with intellectual property rights, at 2 o'clock in the afternoon of October 21, the forum on "China's reform measures related to intellectual property rights and new trends in patent litigation" will be successfully held in Nanjing Jiangbei New District Industrial Technology Research and Innovation Park. The event was hosted by the Science and Technology Innovation Bureau of Nanjing Jiangbei New Area Management Committee, Nanjing Jiangbei New Area Industrial Technology Research and Innovation Park, Nanjing Intellectual Property Rights Protection Assistance Center Jiangbei New District Center, Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Consultant Co., Ltd., Nanjing Intellectual Property Co-organized by the Protection Center (Nanjing Intellectual Property Rights Protection Assistance Center), Taiwan Pharmaceutical Development Association, and Gene Online. The director of Nanjing Intellectual Property Protection Center, Mou Xiaojian, delivered a speech. Director Mu expressed his warm congratulations on the holding of this event and introduced in detail the new pattern of intellectual property protection in Nanjing. He said: At present, Nanjing has implemented a rights protection assistance network in the municipal area. With full coverage, Nanjing Intellectual Property Protection Center is willing to closely communicate and interact with Nanjing's innovation entities, and provide relevant public welfare services such as rapid pre-review, rapid rights protection, and comprehensive utilization for enterprises in need. In addition, Huang Funan, CEO of Gene Online, was unable to come to congratulate due to the epidemic, and recorded a congratulatory video. In the video, he said: China Innovative Pharmaceuticals has already made many outstanding achievements on the international stage, and these are inseparable from intellectual property rights. The support of the company can also show the importance of intellectual property rights to biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. This event invites four industry experts to focus on China's reform measures related to intellectual property rights and new trends in patent litigation, discuss with companies and universities, and make arrangements in advance. Dr. Qingchen Hou, general manager of Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Consulting Co., Ltd., introduced the "Guidelines for Building a Powerful Country with Intellectual Property Rights (2021-2035)" and explained his views from four aspects: background, strategic layout, overall requirements, and organizational guarantees. . Subsequently, a detailed analysis of China's patent linkage system was carried out, and compared with the same types of cases at home and abroad, questions were raised: Why should we reward the first person who successfully challenged patents? Not the first person to file a P4 application? And have a series of discussions with you. Director Jiang Haijun of the Intellectual Property Protection Legal Committee of the Nanjing Lawyers Association gave a speech on three points: the problems after the amendment of the patent law, the enforceability of the amount of compensation, and the legal conflicts related to service inventions. Regarding the patent right evaluation report, he emphasized that the patentee, interested party or accused infringer can also proactively issue a patent right evaluation report. "Patent is a work of art that combines technology and law" is a message shared by Mr. Feng Tao from Jiangsu Junbo Law Firm at this event. Mr. Feng analyzes the big data of Chinese patent litigation cases through graphs and examples. Explore. The last topic of the event was shared by Guo Huangying, Intellectual Property Manager of Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Agency (General Partnership)-China's Patent Infringement Judgment Principles and New Developments. Manager Guo explained to everyone the principles of patent infringement judgment and the necessity of patent infringement search and analysis before producing and selling products. In the intellectual property industry, ECCOM has been providing high-quality and professional comprehensive intellectual property services to enterprises and universities one step at a time. It also hopes that under the leadership of the state and the government, it will contribute to the building of a strong intellectual property nation in China. Make a contribution.
2021-10-22
Types

Types of patents that are easily overlooked- Design Patent

Types of patents that are easily overlooked- Design Patent In recent years, as the public’s awareness of intellectual property has increased, people have begun to consciously use the patent law to protect their intellectual property rights. However, in the process of implementation, they often only focus on invention patent and utility model patent, and tend to ignore the protection of design patent. Recently, Midea sued Haotaitai for two models of CXW-300-D998 and CXW-300-D908 Haotaitai brand range hoods In the case of suspected infringement of its design patent (patent number: ZL201930621598.X), the Guangzhou Intellectual Property Court made a first-instance judgment after hearing that it determined that the two products of Haotaitai constituted infringement, and ordered it to immediately stop the infringement and compensate Midea, The company's economic losses and reasonable expenses totaled 360,000 yuan. In fact, appearance infringement cases have occurred from time to time before, such as: "Molly" blind box design patent case, "Siemens" switch design patent infringement dispute case received a compensation of 6 million yuan, three Casio watch design patents were infringed Received a compensation of 8.8 million yuan and so on. The reason why people ignore the protection of design patents, in the final analysis, is that they have insufficient knowledge of design patents. Today, let's take a look at what is protected by design patents and what rights protections can we apply for? Design patent definition: Article 2 of the "Patent Law", design patent, refers to a new design that is aesthetically pleasing and suitable for industrial applications based on the shape, pattern, or combination of products, and the combination of color, shape, and pattern. Protected range: The shape of the product; the pattern of the product; the shape and pattern of the product; the shape and color of the product; the pattern and color of the product; the shape, pattern and color of the product. Protection period: The term of protection for design patent rights is 15 years, calculated from the date of filing. What are the conditions for applying for a design patent? The design should be aesthetically pleasing Appearance patents should be suitable for industrial applications The design patent application should be novel The design patent application should be inventiveness What are the advantages and functions of design patents? Protect the rights and interests of enterprises in product designs and fight against infringements in market competition. To enhance brand value, the quality and quantity of patents are the embodiment of the company's innovation ability and core competitiveness. Receive consumer recognition. If a company's new product appearance is filed for a patent in a timely manner, its appearance design will enjoy the exclusive right. Nowadays, consumers often choose products with trendy and beautiful appearance when buying their products. Applying for a design patent is a necessary condition for applying for a high-tech enterprise.
2021-09-26
Colopl

Colopl Settles Patent Infringement Lawsuit with Nintendo by Paying $30 Million

Colopl Settles Patent Infringement Lawsuit with Nintendo by Paying $30 Million   This August, Nintendo and a game developer Colopl announced that they have settled for patent infringement regarding White Cat Project (Shironeko Project in Japanese), a smartphone game developed by Colopl. Although both companies did not publicly share exact details of the settlement, at least it is sure that Colopl agreed to pay 3.3 billion yen (about US$30.2 million) as the settlement fee for the proceedings, including the future license of Nintendo's patents.    How did the battle begin?  Being developed and published by a Japanese game developer, Colopl, White Cat Project is a free-to-play action role-playing game for Android and iOS systems. The mobile game was launched in July 2014 as well as got a television anime adaptation in 2020. It is incredibly popular to have more than 50 million downloads. Furthermore, the game is set to receive a Switch version titled "Shironeko New Project".    In September 2016, Nintendo noted the Colopl's game and considered that the game had infringed on several of Nintendo's technology patents. The two companies communicated with each other for over a year; however, Nintendo did not accept the explanations from Colopl, and Nintendo filed a lawsuit against Colopl at the beginning of 2018.    Nintendo claimed that Colopl infringed 6 of its patents. These patents protect touch-screen joystick functionality (patent no. JP3734820), multiplayer connectivity (patent no. JP5595991, JP6271692), confirmation screens in sleep mode (patent no. JP4010533), character attacks based on touch input locations (patent no. JP4262217), and a shadow effect placed on characters hidden behind the game geometry (patent no. JP3637031).   These patents almost cover various ways of game technology, especially the patent  JP5595991 and JP6271692. Their patent family is wide-reaching, and many divisional applications of the family are pending in Japan. They protect a communication game system and its related devices. It is not easy to detect the patent's existence and boundary since this kind of hardcore technique is so common in the gaming field and our daily lives.     The five-year patent war has been settled.  After a five-year dispute, the situation appeared to turn in Nintendo's favor as the Switch maker increased its monetary demands, which convinced Colopl to strike a deal that lets it use the disputed patents. Furthermore, a Switch version of White Cat Project remains in the works at Colopl.    With the extraordinary losses of Colopl, the legal battle between the two companies came to an end.  
2021-09-09
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