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美国首仿药制度

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  • Time of issue:2017-01-06 10:52
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(Summary description)首仿药的概念,最早来自美国,起源于1984年9月24日颁布的药品价格竞争与专利期补偿法案(DrugPriceCompetitionandPatentTermRestorationAct,又称Hatch-Waxman法案)。该法案规定,在“专利无效或者批准正在申请的药物不会侵犯专利”的情况下,第一个向美国食品药品管理局(FDA)递交简化新药申请(AbbreviatedNewDrugApplicati

美国首仿药制度

(Summary description)首仿药的概念,最早来自美国,起源于1984年9月24日颁布的药品价格竞争与专利期补偿法案(DrugPriceCompetitionandPatentTermRestorationAct,又称Hatch-Waxman法案)。该法案规定,在“专利无效或者批准正在申请的药物不会侵犯专利”的情况下,第一个向美国食品药品管理局(FDA)递交简化新药申请(AbbreviatedNewDrugApplicati

  • Categories:最新消息
  • Author:
  • Origin:
  • Time of issue:2017-01-06 10:52
  • Views:
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  首仿药的概念,最早来自美国,起源于1984年9月24日颁布的药品价格竞争与专利期补偿法案(Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act,又称Hatch-Waxman法案)。该法案规定,在“专利无效或者批准正在申请的药物不会侵犯专利”的情况下,第一个向美国食品药品管理局(FDA)递交简化新药申请(Abbreviated New DrugApplication,简称ANDA)的申请者将拥有180天的市场独占期。在这180天内,仿制药企业可以快速收回投资,并在市场被其他仿制药充斥之前确立其地位。因此,自Hatch-Waxman法案颁布以后,越来越多的国内外医药企业加入了首仿药的争夺战中。而中国作为仿制药大国,近年来也开始关注美国首仿药,许多医药名企,如复星医药、华海药业、海正药业、东阳光药等在推进医药国际化的进程中,都已经纷纷开始研发和申报美国首仿药。一方面是随着中国药企技术创新水平的提高和高端人才的引进,中国生产的仿制药已经可以达到欧美制药标准,很多国内的制剂工企业如人福医药、东阳光药等已经获得了美国FDA认证,这无疑给开发美国首仿药提供了一个良好的基础。另外国内药企拥有多年的原料药生产和出口经验,因此从技术层面上讲,中国已经具备申报美国首仿药的基础和能力。除了技术平台,国内知名药企还配备了较为完备的法律法规平台、药品国际注册平台、专利平台和临床试验平台。在这些平台的共同协作下,已经有数个首仿品种由中国企业申报,如复星医药的缓释喹硫平片、东阳光药的芬戈莫德胶囊、华海药业的利格列汀片等。

  美国药品专利链接是指仿制药上市批准与新药专利期满相“链接”,即仿制药注册申请应当考虑先前已上市药品的专利状况,从而避免可能的专利侵权。美国药品专利链接制度有两层含义:一是仿制药的上市申请审批与相应的药品专利有效性审核的程序链接;二是美国FDA与美国专利商标局(USPTO)的职能链接。具体地,该制度包含以下5个方面的内容:

  (1)药品专利期延长(Patent Term Extension,简称PTE)制度

  专利期延长制度是对药品和医疗器械因临床试验和行政审批所丧失的专利期予以补充的一种制度。众所周知,新药开发具有投资大、风险高、难度大和周期长的特点,从发现可能成药的新的先导化合物,申请专利开始,要进行漫长的研究工作,才能最终把一个新药推向市场。在生物医药领域,每一个重磅炸弹级新药的推出,都代表着有一张严密的药物专利保护网络在默默守护创造者的智慧结晶,原研药企业通过不断推陈出新、持续技术创新与知识产权布局,便可牢牢把握市场主动权。但是,往往相当多的药品上市后,核心专利可以保护的有效期限已经很短。为了调动原研药企业的积极性,使其获得足够的药物研发回报,Hatch-Waxman法案规定了新药申请者可获得专利延长期,补偿其在临床试验和药品审评中所消耗的时间,但最多不超过5年,并且延长期限加上药物上市时所剩余的专利期限之和不能超过14年。但是,如果是申请人未尽到应有注意义务而导致专利期限耽搁的,该期限不计入延长期内。对同一药物只能申请一次专利期间延长,即使该药物有多项专利,而且仅药物的核心专利可延长,后续专利不能延长。

  原研药企业通常会选择将PTE加在其中一项化合物专利上,以保证其最核心的专利可以有效阻止仿制药的上市,但是PTE的确定,有时却是一个漫长的过程。因此仿制药企业研发产品时,要格外留意,尤其是首仿药的申报者,PTE延长直接决定着其专利策略的制定。

  (2)市场独占期(Market Exclusivity)规定

  除专利期延长制度之外,FDA还给予获批药品一定的市场独占期,包括:新化学实体(New Chemical Entity,简称NCE)独占期5年、孤儿药独占期(Orphan Drug Exclusivity,简称ODE)7年、儿科用药(Pediatric Medication,简称PED)6个月、新剂型、新用途等3年,等等。在市场独占期内,FDA不会批准仿制药企业上市相应的仿制产品,因此即使在该期限内专利过期,原研药企业仍然可以单独占领市场。

  市场独占期是对原研药企业的研发激励,但是对仿制药企业也有一定的提示作用,尤其是首仿药。根据FDA法规规定,仿制药最早可以在NCE-1日申报,即新药获批后的第5年的第1天,也即新药上市后满4年,比NCE时间少了1年,因此称为NCE-1日。该时间通常被认为是首仿日。所有的仿制药企业如果做好了充分的准备,都会在这一天争相向FDA递交自己的ANDA资料,一旦资料被受理,其首仿资格便会获得确认。

  (3)橙皮书(Orange Book,简称OB)制度

  橙皮书即《经治疗等同性评价标准的药品》(Approved Drug Products withTherapeutic Equivalence Evaluation),由美国FDA出版,其详细完整地列出了获得批准的药品,以及该药品涉及的专利和独占期信息。根据Hatch-Waxman法案规定,原研药企业在向FDA递交新药上市许可申请(New Drug Application,简称NDA)时,必须同时提供专利信息。当该新药获批后,对应的专利就会登记在橙皮书中,为日后仿制药企业开发仿制药、进行ANDA、或专利诉讼提供参考资料。可以被橙皮书收录的专利包括直接指向药品的专利,如化合物、产品、晶型等,也可以包括治疗方法。一般情况下,代谢物、包装和工艺专利是不予收录的。

  (4)ANDA制度

  Hatch-Waxman法案通过以前,关于仿制药和新药的审批程序的规定并无差别,仿制药被要求进行同新药注册一样的安全性及有效性试验,这使生产仿制药几乎无利可图。该法案通过后,申请仿制药上市,申请人在提交ANDA时,只需要进行生物等效性试验,即证明与参比制剂具有生物等效性,而无需提交其他数据,大大降低了仿制药企业的成本,从而加快了仿制药上市,减少了患者的医疗费用开支。自ANDA实施以来,美国的仿制药产业发展很快,FDA收到的仿制药申请不断增多,批准上市的仿制药数量和销售额也是逐年上升,例如从2011年到2015年,美国仿制药市场就从513亿美元增长到了762亿美元(出厂价,不包括回扣和折扣)。

  (5)专利挑战制度

  根据Hatch-Waxman法案规定,仿制药企业商在递交ANDA时,必须依照橙皮书的规定,递交以下四种声明之一:

  第I段声明(PI):该药品无专利;

  第II段声明(PII):该药品有专利,但该专利已经失效;

  第III段声明(PIII):在相关专利失效前,不要求FDA批准该仿制药;

  第IV段声明(PIV):与申请的仿制药相关的专利是无效的(策略1)或者仿制药不侵权(策略2)。

  中国仿制药企业想要争夺美国首仿药市场,首先必须要深入了解与研究美国的相关药品专利法律保护制度;其次要重点进行目标药物的专利评估,根据实际的利益权衡,选择合适的仿制药申请途径;再次需要企业提升自身及产品的品质。相信随着中国药企研发与技术创新能力的不断提升、研发项目管理能力的不断优化、药物细分领域产品定位能力的不断清晰,以及中国药企实施“走出去”的国际化进程的决心,中国药企完全可以慢慢拉近与国外大型仿制药企业的距离,在美国首仿药市场上分得一杯羹。

  来源:http://www.y-lp.com/pages/Article.aspx?id=5146254912593177197

Electronic

Electronic Arts pledges free use for five accessibility patents

Electronic Arts pledges free use for five accessibility patents Recently, Electronic Arts (EA) announced a patent pledge that gives other companies and developers free access to five of its current accessibility-related patents and technology. The company promised not to enforce against any party for infringing any of the listed patents. Instead, EA hopes to encourage “innovation” and build new features that make video games more inclusive on a much larger scale by opening up the patents.  Electronic Arts (EA) is an American video game company founded in 1982. The company owns many popular and famous games, such as The Sims, SimCity, Apex Legends, Madden NFL and FIFA. Each of the games has more than 30 or 50 million sales volume. Significantly, esports involves FIFA and Apex Legends into the event list. Apex Legends has up to 1 billion players, and it is so popular that it has a Switch version. Within the freely available patents, one of which grabs everyone’s attention -- Apex Legends’ ping system (patent No. US 11097189). The ping system in Apex Legends, which excellently allows players to make communication and teamwork quick and easy without hearing or speaking, has been praised both as an impressive alternative to voice chat and as a great accessibility feature for players with a variety of disabilities.  The other patents include the technology widely used in the FIFA and Madden NFL. The innovations can automatically detect and modify colors (patent No. US 10118097 and CN 107694092) and contrast ratios (patent No. US 10878540) to improve gamers’ visibility with colorblindness and low vision. Furthermore, one of the patents relates to personalized sound technology, helping players with hearing issues by modifying or creating music based on their preferences (patent No. US 10790919).   The code of the mentioned technology is published on EA’s GitHub, and it is open to all developers. Thus, the developers can use it or adapt it for their games without spending the costs to research. It is good that EA shares the patents for free use and aims to create an accessibility-increased gaming environment for players. However, it is not “unconditional” to use the listed patents. In the pledge, EA mentioned that it may terminate the promise for a specific party which files a patent infringement lawsuit or other patent proceedings against EA. We can see parts of EV’s ambition behind the announcement—to build a large game developer league and a community of shared interests.     Reference: https://www.ea.com/commitments/positive-play/accessibility-patent-pledge https://iknow.stpi.narl.org.tw/Post/Read.aspx?PostID=14562 https://www.polygon.com/22639469/apex-legends-electronic-arts-patent-pledge-accessibility-developers https://www.theverge.com/2021/8/24/22638535/ea-accessibility-patent-pledge-apex-legends-ping-system https://www.gamesradar.com/ea-secures-a-patent-for-the-apex-legends-ping-system-and-its-giving-it-away-for-free/ https://dotesports.com/apex-legends/news/apex-legends-ping-system-is-now-patent-free-for-accessibility https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2021/08/apex_legends_ping_system_now_patent-free_as_ea_announces_accessibility_pledge Recently, Electronic Arts (EA) announced a patent pledge that gives other companies and developers free access to five of its current accessibility-related patents and technology. The company promised not to enforce against any party for infringing any of the listed patents. Instead, EA hopes to encourage “innovation” and build new features that make video games more inclusive on a much larger scale by opening up the patents.    Electronic Arts (EA) is an American video game company founded in 1982. The company owns many popular and famous games, such as The Sims, SimCity, Apex Legends, Madden NFL and FIFA. Each of the games has more than 30 or 50 million sales volume. Significantly, esports involves FIFA and Apex Legends into the event list. Apex Legends has up to 1 billion players, and it is so popular that it has a Switch version.   Within the freely available patents, one of which grabs everyone’s attention -- Apex Legends’ ping system (patent No. US 11097189). The ping system in Apex Legends, which excellently allows players to make communication and teamwork quick and easy without hearing or speaking, has been praised both as an impressive alternative to voice chat and as a great accessibility feature for players with a variety of disabilities.    The other patents include the technology widely used in the FIFA and Madden NFL. The innovations can automatically detect and modify colors (patent No. US 10118097 and CN 107694092) and contrast ratios (patent No. US 10878540) to improve gamers’ visibility with colorblindness and low vision. Furthermore, one of the patents relates to personalized sound technology, helping players with hearing issues by modifying or creating music based on their preferences (patent No. US 10790919).   The
2021-10-22
The

The forum on "China's Intellectual Property-related Reform Measures and New Trends in Patent Litigation" will be held successfully!

The forum on "China's Intellectual Property-related Reform Measures and New Trends in Patent Litigation" will be held successfully! In response to the call for building a strong country with intellectual property rights, at 2 o'clock in the afternoon of October 21, the forum on "China's reform measures related to intellectual property rights and new trends in patent litigation" will be successfully held in Nanjing Jiangbei New District Industrial Technology Research and Innovation Park. The event was hosted by the Science and Technology Innovation Bureau of Nanjing Jiangbei New Area Management Committee, Nanjing Jiangbei New Area Industrial Technology Research and Innovation Park, Nanjing Intellectual Property Rights Protection Assistance Center Jiangbei New District Center, Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Consultant Co., Ltd., Nanjing Intellectual Property Co-organized by the Protection Center (Nanjing Intellectual Property Rights Protection Assistance Center), Taiwan Pharmaceutical Development Association, and Gene Online. The director of Nanjing Intellectual Property Protection Center, Mou Xiaojian, delivered a speech. Director Mu expressed his warm congratulations on the holding of this event and introduced in detail the new pattern of intellectual property protection in Nanjing. He said: At present, Nanjing has implemented a rights protection assistance network in the municipal area. With full coverage, Nanjing Intellectual Property Protection Center is willing to closely communicate and interact with Nanjing's innovation entities, and provide relevant public welfare services such as rapid pre-review, rapid rights protection, and comprehensive utilization for enterprises in need. In addition, Huang Funan, CEO of Gene Online, was unable to come to congratulate due to the epidemic, and recorded a congratulatory video. In the video, he said: China Innovative Pharmaceuticals has already made many outstanding achievements on the international stage, and these are inseparable from intellectual property rights. The support of the company can also show the importance of intellectual property rights to biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. This event invites four industry experts to focus on China's reform measures related to intellectual property rights and new trends in patent litigation, discuss with companies and universities, and make arrangements in advance. Dr. Qingchen Hou, general manager of Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Consulting Co., Ltd., introduced the "Guidelines for Building a Powerful Country with Intellectual Property Rights (2021-2035)" and explained his views from four aspects: background, strategic layout, overall requirements, and organizational guarantees. . Subsequently, a detailed analysis of China's patent linkage system was carried out, and compared with the same types of cases at home and abroad, questions were raised: Why should we reward the first person who successfully challenged patents? Not the first person to file a P4 application? And have a series of discussions with you. Director Jiang Haijun of the Intellectual Property Protection Legal Committee of the Nanjing Lawyers Association gave a speech on three points: the problems after the amendment of the patent law, the enforceability of the amount of compensation, and the legal conflicts related to service inventions. Regarding the patent right evaluation report, he emphasized that the patentee, interested party or accused infringer can also proactively issue a patent right evaluation report. "Patent is a work of art that combines technology and law" is a message shared by Mr. Feng Tao from Jiangsu Junbo Law Firm at this event. Mr. Feng analyzes the big data of Chinese patent litigation cases through graphs and examples. Explore. The last topic of the event was shared by Guo Huangying, Intellectual Property Manager of Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Agency (General Partnership)-China's Patent Infringement Judgment Principles and New Developments. Manager Guo explained to everyone the principles of patent infringement judgment and the necessity of patent infringement search and analysis before producing and selling products. In the intellectual property industry, ECCOM has been providing high-quality and professional comprehensive intellectual property services to enterprises and universities one step at a time. It also hopes that under the leadership of the state and the government, it will contribute to the building of a strong intellectual property nation in China. Make a contribution.
2021-10-22
Types

Types of patents that are easily overlooked- Design Patent

Types of patents that are easily overlooked- Design Patent In recent years, as the public’s awareness of intellectual property has increased, people have begun to consciously use the patent law to protect their intellectual property rights. However, in the process of implementation, they often only focus on invention patent and utility model patent, and tend to ignore the protection of design patent. Recently, Midea sued Haotaitai for two models of CXW-300-D998 and CXW-300-D908 Haotaitai brand range hoods In the case of suspected infringement of its design patent (patent number: ZL201930621598.X), the Guangzhou Intellectual Property Court made a first-instance judgment after hearing that it determined that the two products of Haotaitai constituted infringement, and ordered it to immediately stop the infringement and compensate Midea, The company's economic losses and reasonable expenses totaled 360,000 yuan. In fact, appearance infringement cases have occurred from time to time before, such as: "Molly" blind box design patent case, "Siemens" switch design patent infringement dispute case received a compensation of 6 million yuan, three Casio watch design patents were infringed Received a compensation of 8.8 million yuan and so on. The reason why people ignore the protection of design patents, in the final analysis, is that they have insufficient knowledge of design patents. Today, let's take a look at what is protected by design patents and what rights protections can we apply for? Design patent definition: Article 2 of the "Patent Law", design patent, refers to a new design that is aesthetically pleasing and suitable for industrial applications based on the shape, pattern, or combination of products, and the combination of color, shape, and pattern. Protected range: The shape of the product; the pattern of the product; the shape and pattern of the product; the shape and color of the product; the pattern and color of the product; the shape, pattern and color of the product. Protection period: The term of protection for design patent rights is 15 years, calculated from the date of filing. What are the conditions for applying for a design patent? The design should be aesthetically pleasing Appearance patents should be suitable for industrial applications The design patent application should be novel The design patent application should be inventiveness What are the advantages and functions of design patents? Protect the rights and interests of enterprises in product designs and fight against infringements in market competition. To enhance brand value, the quality and quantity of patents are the embodiment of the company's innovation ability and core competitiveness. Receive consumer recognition. If a company's new product appearance is filed for a patent in a timely manner, its appearance design will enjoy the exclusive right. Nowadays, consumers often choose products with trendy and beautiful appearance when buying their products. Applying for a design patent is a necessary condition for applying for a high-tech enterprise.
2021-09-26
Colopl

Colopl Settles Patent Infringement Lawsuit with Nintendo by Paying $30 Million

Colopl Settles Patent Infringement Lawsuit with Nintendo by Paying $30 Million   This August, Nintendo and a game developer Colopl announced that they have settled for patent infringement regarding White Cat Project (Shironeko Project in Japanese), a smartphone game developed by Colopl. Although both companies did not publicly share exact details of the settlement, at least it is sure that Colopl agreed to pay 3.3 billion yen (about US$30.2 million) as the settlement fee for the proceedings, including the future license of Nintendo's patents.    How did the battle begin?  Being developed and published by a Japanese game developer, Colopl, White Cat Project is a free-to-play action role-playing game for Android and iOS systems. The mobile game was launched in July 2014 as well as got a television anime adaptation in 2020. It is incredibly popular to have more than 50 million downloads. Furthermore, the game is set to receive a Switch version titled "Shironeko New Project".    In September 2016, Nintendo noted the Colopl's game and considered that the game had infringed on several of Nintendo's technology patents. The two companies communicated with each other for over a year; however, Nintendo did not accept the explanations from Colopl, and Nintendo filed a lawsuit against Colopl at the beginning of 2018.    Nintendo claimed that Colopl infringed 6 of its patents. These patents protect touch-screen joystick functionality (patent no. JP3734820), multiplayer connectivity (patent no. JP5595991, JP6271692), confirmation screens in sleep mode (patent no. JP4010533), character attacks based on touch input locations (patent no. JP4262217), and a shadow effect placed on characters hidden behind the game geometry (patent no. JP3637031).   These patents almost cover various ways of game technology, especially the patent  JP5595991 and JP6271692. Their patent family is wide-reaching, and many divisional applications of the family are pending in Japan. They protect a communication game system and its related devices. It is not easy to detect the patent's existence and boundary since this kind of hardcore technique is so common in the gaming field and our daily lives.     The five-year patent war has been settled.  After a five-year dispute, the situation appeared to turn in Nintendo's favor as the Switch maker increased its monetary demands, which convinced Colopl to strike a deal that lets it use the disputed patents. Furthermore, a Switch version of White Cat Project remains in the works at Colopl.    With the extraordinary losses of Colopl, the legal battle between the two companies came to an end.  
2021-09-09
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