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新研究解释了低剂量阿司匹林如何预防癌症

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(Summary description)癌症是全球死亡的主要原因之一。全球每年新发癌症病例有1400多万例,而中国每天有约8550人成为癌症患者。因此对于癌症的治疗及预防的研究是目前的一大热门课题。  日前,有新的研究证实并解释了低剂量阿司匹林确实抑制癌细胞增殖和转移的过程。而关于阿司匹林预防癌症的言论起源于2012年牛津大学发表在《TheLancetInfectiousDiseases》上的研究报告。  该研究包括5项大的随机对照实验

新研究解释了低剂量阿司匹林如何预防癌症

(Summary description)癌症是全球死亡的主要原因之一。全球每年新发癌症病例有1400多万例,而中国每天有约8550人成为癌症患者。因此对于癌症的治疗及预防的研究是目前的一大热门课题。  日前,有新的研究证实并解释了低剂量阿司匹林确实抑制癌细胞增殖和转移的过程。而关于阿司匹林预防癌症的言论起源于2012年牛津大学发表在《TheLancetInfectiousDiseases》上的研究报告。  该研究包括5项大的随机对照实验

  • Categories:最新消息
  • Author:
  • Origin:
  • Time of issue:2016-12-30 10:54
  • Views:
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  癌症是全球死亡的主要原因之一。全球每年新发癌症病例有1400多万例,而中国每天有约8550人成为癌症患者。因此对于癌症的治疗及预防的研究是目前的一大热门课题。

  日前,有新的研究证实并解释了低剂量阿司匹林确实抑制癌细胞增殖和转移的过程。而关于阿司匹林预防癌症的言论起源于2012年牛津大学发表在《The Lancet Infectious Diseases》上的研究报告。

  该研究包括 5 项大的随机对照实验,针对英国本土的心血管患者,试验组每天服用阿司匹林(≥75mg),记录所有患者癌症发生率。随后观察阿司匹林抗转移的作用,癌症患者根据组织和临床特点分类,腺癌 vs 其它。 共有 17825 位患者参与实验,987 位患者在平均 6.5 年(SD 2.0)的随访期中被诊断有实体瘤。调查表明,每 5 位癌症患者中,阿司匹林辅助治疗可防止 1 位癌细胞转移。同时,阿司匹林降低晚期腺癌的死亡率(HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.53-0.82, p=0.0002),但对其他癌症却无效(HR 1.06, 95% CI 0.84-1.32, p=0.64)。实验对象不分性别,观察发现吸烟者受益最大。低剂量、缓释的阿司匹林制剂能抗血小板凝集,但却影响了生物利用度。 推测阿司匹林降低癌症患者的死亡率,主要是因为其抑制转移的作用。研究表明阿司匹林有助于治疗某些癌症,特别是腺癌。

  但由于上述研究只是调查研究,缺乏理论和实验支持,所以在这之后很长的一段时间内,学术界对阿司匹林是否能预防癌症存在很大的争议。近期由俄勒冈健康科学大学(OHSU)与俄勒冈州立大学(OSU)合作进行的研究终于给出了解释,结果发表在AJP细胞生理学杂志上。

  “阿司匹林的益处可能是由于其对血细胞称为血小板的影响,而不是直接作用于肿瘤细胞,”资深作者Owen McCarty,OHSU生物医学工程系的教授如是说。血小板是微小的血细胞,帮助身体形成凝块,以便在必要时阻止出血。似乎血小板也增加了某种可以支持癌细胞并帮助它们传播的蛋白质的水平。这种“癌蛋白”称为c-MYC。c-MYC的生物学功能是调节超过15%的人体基因的表达,c-MYC调节剂控制细胞的生命和死亡周期,蛋白质的合成和细胞的代谢。已有的研究表明,在癌症中该癌基因被过度表达。

  这项最新研究的研究人员解释,阿司匹林有降低血小板提高c-MYC癌蛋白水平的能力。“我们的工作表明阿司匹林的部分抗癌作用可能如下:在血液转运期间,循环肿瘤细胞与血小板相互作用,其通过激活癌基因例如c-MYC刺激肿瘤细胞使其存活。阿司匹林减少血小板和肿瘤细胞之间的这种信号,从而间接减少肿瘤细胞生长。”早期癌细胞生活在一个非常敌对的环境下,在那里免疫系统定期攻击,并试图消除他们。血小板可以对那些早期癌细胞发挥保护作用,并帮助其转移。阿司匹林的抑制似乎干扰了这一过程。

  这是第一次显示血小板调节癌细胞中c-MYC的表达的能力的研究。研究人员还注意到,几乎三分之一的结肠癌患者和42%的胰腺癌患者c-MYC癌蛋白过度表达。他们还指出,阿司匹林在高剂量与低剂量时对血小板的影响一样。因此,临床医生可以权衡阿司匹林摄入的风险和益处,以及降低出血的风险,这是摄取太多阿司匹林的常见副作用。

  总结来说,因为血小板和癌细胞之间的相互作用是早期发生的,使用抗血小板剂量的阿司匹林可能是一种安全有效的预防措施。而这对一心想挖掘阿司匹林潜力的拜耳公司来说是个不小的好消息。

  自1899年阿司匹林的发明专利申请被通过到今天,在这近120年中,历史足以让人看清楚,至少有两个原因促进了作为商品的阿司匹林的畅销:售价低廉以及拜耳公司的有力推动。阿司匹林的新用处总是不断被发现,而拜耳公司就通过一次次的市场营销把这款药品的潜力发挥到极致,再通过专利与商标把这款商品的利益牢牢抓在自己手里。

  当年拜耳在为阿司匹林申请专利时,也获得了美国境内17年间对全部乙酰水杨酸生产的合法控制权。这意味着拜耳能够在特定时期内控制某种物品的生产。拜耳紧紧抓住这个机会,拼命将阿司匹林同拜耳联系在一起。

  即便拜耳公司拥有阿司匹林的专利权,仍然受到走私和假药的困扰。20世纪早期,全球约有1000个公司仿制阿司匹林。拜耳公司想尽办法将专利方面的损失从商标上找回来。它们把在美国生产的阿司匹林制成片剂,每个药片上印上拜耳的十字标记,再把药片装入包装盒。1916年秋,美国各地报纸上出现了阿司匹林的广告,一盒阿司匹林的照片上方写着一行大字:“拜耳。阿司匹林片。”下面写道:“每一盒每一片真阿司匹林上的‘拜耳十字’保护你不受一切伪造品和代替品的蒙混。”拜耳努力使消费者将“拜耳”与“阿司匹林”联系起来,让他们一有头痛脑热第一反应就是自己需要阿司匹林,拜耳的阿司匹林。

  当时只要是医生能够认可一种药物,药物便能够畅销。所以,拜耳选择向学术界和医学界而非大众营销。前面几年,拜耳甚至没有向公众做药物广告。他们只是在医学杂志上登广告,以及向医院和医科教授寄送免费的阿司匹林样品,用这样的方法逐步在医生和教授这样的专业人员中建立阿司匹林的影响力。在阿司匹林从一个药物变成一种商品的过程中,功劳不能完全归于拜耳。阿司匹林确切地能被适用于哪些病症,还是需要大规模地被FDA认可的临床研究来证明。

  而另一方面,在拜耳遇到的挑战中,最大的莫过于1917年2月阿司匹林专利权到期,再加上一次世界大战的因素,拜耳在很多国家都失去了专利权。拜耳依然希望保住对这种药品的控制。时间太长了,控制专利变得越来越难。但是拜耳发现,哪怕在剂型上有个创新专利的新花样也是有效的。1971年,拜耳阿司匹林加维生素C的泡腾片问世;1993年,拜耳阿司匹林肠溶片上市。肠溶片在阿司匹林外面加了一层包衣,这种药片在胃部不溶解,直到肠道才发生作用,这样就几乎完全解决了胃部不适的副作用问题。2003年拜耳阿司匹林粒状产品(无需饮水)面世。

  拜耳在对阿司匹林这一专利的经营上堪称典范。相信这一次有关阿司匹林能有效预防癌症的报导一经发出,拜耳旗下的阿司匹林将迎来又一次销售高峰。

  新闻来源:http://news.bioon.com/article/6696275.html

  本新闻经华讯团队重新编辑整理并添加分析意见。

Electronic

Electronic Arts pledges free use for five accessibility patents

Electronic Arts pledges free use for five accessibility patents Recently, Electronic Arts (EA) announced a patent pledge that gives other companies and developers free access to five of its current accessibility-related patents and technology. The company promised not to enforce against any party for infringing any of the listed patents. Instead, EA hopes to encourage “innovation” and build new features that make video games more inclusive on a much larger scale by opening up the patents.  Electronic Arts (EA) is an American video game company founded in 1982. The company owns many popular and famous games, such as The Sims, SimCity, Apex Legends, Madden NFL and FIFA. Each of the games has more than 30 or 50 million sales volume. Significantly, esports involves FIFA and Apex Legends into the event list. Apex Legends has up to 1 billion players, and it is so popular that it has a Switch version. Within the freely available patents, one of which grabs everyone’s attention -- Apex Legends’ ping system (patent No. US 11097189). The ping system in Apex Legends, which excellently allows players to make communication and teamwork quick and easy without hearing or speaking, has been praised both as an impressive alternative to voice chat and as a great accessibility feature for players with a variety of disabilities.  The other patents include the technology widely used in the FIFA and Madden NFL. The innovations can automatically detect and modify colors (patent No. US 10118097 and CN 107694092) and contrast ratios (patent No. US 10878540) to improve gamers’ visibility with colorblindness and low vision. Furthermore, one of the patents relates to personalized sound technology, helping players with hearing issues by modifying or creating music based on their preferences (patent No. US 10790919).   The code of the mentioned technology is published on EA’s GitHub, and it is open to all developers. Thus, the developers can use it or adapt it for their games without spending the costs to research. It is good that EA shares the patents for free use and aims to create an accessibility-increased gaming environment for players. However, it is not “unconditional” to use the listed patents. In the pledge, EA mentioned that it may terminate the promise for a specific party which files a patent infringement lawsuit or other patent proceedings against EA. We can see parts of EV’s ambition behind the announcement—to build a large game developer league and a community of shared interests.     Reference: https://www.ea.com/commitments/positive-play/accessibility-patent-pledge https://iknow.stpi.narl.org.tw/Post/Read.aspx?PostID=14562 https://www.polygon.com/22639469/apex-legends-electronic-arts-patent-pledge-accessibility-developers https://www.theverge.com/2021/8/24/22638535/ea-accessibility-patent-pledge-apex-legends-ping-system https://www.gamesradar.com/ea-secures-a-patent-for-the-apex-legends-ping-system-and-its-giving-it-away-for-free/ https://dotesports.com/apex-legends/news/apex-legends-ping-system-is-now-patent-free-for-accessibility https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2021/08/apex_legends_ping_system_now_patent-free_as_ea_announces_accessibility_pledge Recently, Electronic Arts (EA) announced a patent pledge that gives other companies and developers free access to five of its current accessibility-related patents and technology. The company promised not to enforce against any party for infringing any of the listed patents. Instead, EA hopes to encourage “innovation” and build new features that make video games more inclusive on a much larger scale by opening up the patents.    Electronic Arts (EA) is an American video game company founded in 1982. The company owns many popular and famous games, such as The Sims, SimCity, Apex Legends, Madden NFL and FIFA. Each of the games has more than 30 or 50 million sales volume. Significantly, esports involves FIFA and Apex Legends into the event list. Apex Legends has up to 1 billion players, and it is so popular that it has a Switch version.   Within the freely available patents, one of which grabs everyone’s attention -- Apex Legends’ ping system (patent No. US 11097189). The ping system in Apex Legends, which excellently allows players to make communication and teamwork quick and easy without hearing or speaking, has been praised both as an impressive alternative to voice chat and as a great accessibility feature for players with a variety of disabilities.    The other patents include the technology widely used in the FIFA and Madden NFL. The innovations can automatically detect and modify colors (patent No. US 10118097 and CN 107694092) and contrast ratios (patent No. US 10878540) to improve gamers’ visibility with colorblindness and low vision. Furthermore, one of the patents relates to personalized sound technology, helping players with hearing issues by modifying or creating music based on their preferences (patent No. US 10790919).   The
2021-10-22
The

The forum on "China's Intellectual Property-related Reform Measures and New Trends in Patent Litigation" will be held successfully!

The forum on "China's Intellectual Property-related Reform Measures and New Trends in Patent Litigation" will be held successfully! In response to the call for building a strong country with intellectual property rights, at 2 o'clock in the afternoon of October 21, the forum on "China's reform measures related to intellectual property rights and new trends in patent litigation" will be successfully held in Nanjing Jiangbei New District Industrial Technology Research and Innovation Park. The event was hosted by the Science and Technology Innovation Bureau of Nanjing Jiangbei New Area Management Committee, Nanjing Jiangbei New Area Industrial Technology Research and Innovation Park, Nanjing Intellectual Property Rights Protection Assistance Center Jiangbei New District Center, Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Consultant Co., Ltd., Nanjing Intellectual Property Co-organized by the Protection Center (Nanjing Intellectual Property Rights Protection Assistance Center), Taiwan Pharmaceutical Development Association, and Gene Online. The director of Nanjing Intellectual Property Protection Center, Mou Xiaojian, delivered a speech. Director Mu expressed his warm congratulations on the holding of this event and introduced in detail the new pattern of intellectual property protection in Nanjing. He said: At present, Nanjing has implemented a rights protection assistance network in the municipal area. With full coverage, Nanjing Intellectual Property Protection Center is willing to closely communicate and interact with Nanjing's innovation entities, and provide relevant public welfare services such as rapid pre-review, rapid rights protection, and comprehensive utilization for enterprises in need. In addition, Huang Funan, CEO of Gene Online, was unable to come to congratulate due to the epidemic, and recorded a congratulatory video. In the video, he said: China Innovative Pharmaceuticals has already made many outstanding achievements on the international stage, and these are inseparable from intellectual property rights. The support of the company can also show the importance of intellectual property rights to biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. This event invites four industry experts to focus on China's reform measures related to intellectual property rights and new trends in patent litigation, discuss with companies and universities, and make arrangements in advance. Dr. Qingchen Hou, general manager of Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Consulting Co., Ltd., introduced the "Guidelines for Building a Powerful Country with Intellectual Property Rights (2021-2035)" and explained his views from four aspects: background, strategic layout, overall requirements, and organizational guarantees. . Subsequently, a detailed analysis of China's patent linkage system was carried out, and compared with the same types of cases at home and abroad, questions were raised: Why should we reward the first person who successfully challenged patents? Not the first person to file a P4 application? And have a series of discussions with you. Director Jiang Haijun of the Intellectual Property Protection Legal Committee of the Nanjing Lawyers Association gave a speech on three points: the problems after the amendment of the patent law, the enforceability of the amount of compensation, and the legal conflicts related to service inventions. Regarding the patent right evaluation report, he emphasized that the patentee, interested party or accused infringer can also proactively issue a patent right evaluation report. "Patent is a work of art that combines technology and law" is a message shared by Mr. Feng Tao from Jiangsu Junbo Law Firm at this event. Mr. Feng analyzes the big data of Chinese patent litigation cases through graphs and examples. Explore. The last topic of the event was shared by Guo Huangying, Intellectual Property Manager of Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Agency (General Partnership)-China's Patent Infringement Judgment Principles and New Developments. Manager Guo explained to everyone the principles of patent infringement judgment and the necessity of patent infringement search and analysis before producing and selling products. In the intellectual property industry, ECCOM has been providing high-quality and professional comprehensive intellectual property services to enterprises and universities one step at a time. It also hopes that under the leadership of the state and the government, it will contribute to the building of a strong intellectual property nation in China. Make a contribution.
2021-10-22
Types

Types of patents that are easily overlooked- Design Patent

Types of patents that are easily overlooked- Design Patent In recent years, as the public’s awareness of intellectual property has increased, people have begun to consciously use the patent law to protect their intellectual property rights. However, in the process of implementation, they often only focus on invention patent and utility model patent, and tend to ignore the protection of design patent. Recently, Midea sued Haotaitai for two models of CXW-300-D998 and CXW-300-D908 Haotaitai brand range hoods In the case of suspected infringement of its design patent (patent number: ZL201930621598.X), the Guangzhou Intellectual Property Court made a first-instance judgment after hearing that it determined that the two products of Haotaitai constituted infringement, and ordered it to immediately stop the infringement and compensate Midea, The company's economic losses and reasonable expenses totaled 360,000 yuan. In fact, appearance infringement cases have occurred from time to time before, such as: "Molly" blind box design patent case, "Siemens" switch design patent infringement dispute case received a compensation of 6 million yuan, three Casio watch design patents were infringed Received a compensation of 8.8 million yuan and so on. The reason why people ignore the protection of design patents, in the final analysis, is that they have insufficient knowledge of design patents. Today, let's take a look at what is protected by design patents and what rights protections can we apply for? Design patent definition: Article 2 of the "Patent Law", design patent, refers to a new design that is aesthetically pleasing and suitable for industrial applications based on the shape, pattern, or combination of products, and the combination of color, shape, and pattern. Protected range: The shape of the product; the pattern of the product; the shape and pattern of the product; the shape and color of the product; the pattern and color of the product; the shape, pattern and color of the product. Protection period: The term of protection for design patent rights is 15 years, calculated from the date of filing. What are the conditions for applying for a design patent? The design should be aesthetically pleasing Appearance patents should be suitable for industrial applications The design patent application should be novel The design patent application should be inventiveness What are the advantages and functions of design patents? Protect the rights and interests of enterprises in product designs and fight against infringements in market competition. To enhance brand value, the quality and quantity of patents are the embodiment of the company's innovation ability and core competitiveness. Receive consumer recognition. If a company's new product appearance is filed for a patent in a timely manner, its appearance design will enjoy the exclusive right. Nowadays, consumers often choose products with trendy and beautiful appearance when buying their products. Applying for a design patent is a necessary condition for applying for a high-tech enterprise.
2021-09-26
Colopl

Colopl Settles Patent Infringement Lawsuit with Nintendo by Paying $30 Million

Colopl Settles Patent Infringement Lawsuit with Nintendo by Paying $30 Million   This August, Nintendo and a game developer Colopl announced that they have settled for patent infringement regarding White Cat Project (Shironeko Project in Japanese), a smartphone game developed by Colopl. Although both companies did not publicly share exact details of the settlement, at least it is sure that Colopl agreed to pay 3.3 billion yen (about US$30.2 million) as the settlement fee for the proceedings, including the future license of Nintendo's patents.    How did the battle begin?  Being developed and published by a Japanese game developer, Colopl, White Cat Project is a free-to-play action role-playing game for Android and iOS systems. The mobile game was launched in July 2014 as well as got a television anime adaptation in 2020. It is incredibly popular to have more than 50 million downloads. Furthermore, the game is set to receive a Switch version titled "Shironeko New Project".    In September 2016, Nintendo noted the Colopl's game and considered that the game had infringed on several of Nintendo's technology patents. The two companies communicated with each other for over a year; however, Nintendo did not accept the explanations from Colopl, and Nintendo filed a lawsuit against Colopl at the beginning of 2018.    Nintendo claimed that Colopl infringed 6 of its patents. These patents protect touch-screen joystick functionality (patent no. JP3734820), multiplayer connectivity (patent no. JP5595991, JP6271692), confirmation screens in sleep mode (patent no. JP4010533), character attacks based on touch input locations (patent no. JP4262217), and a shadow effect placed on characters hidden behind the game geometry (patent no. JP3637031).   These patents almost cover various ways of game technology, especially the patent  JP5595991 and JP6271692. Their patent family is wide-reaching, and many divisional applications of the family are pending in Japan. They protect a communication game system and its related devices. It is not easy to detect the patent's existence and boundary since this kind of hardcore technique is so common in the gaming field and our daily lives.     The five-year patent war has been settled.  After a five-year dispute, the situation appeared to turn in Nintendo's favor as the Switch maker increased its monetary demands, which convinced Colopl to strike a deal that lets it use the disputed patents. Furthermore, a Switch version of White Cat Project remains in the works at Colopl.    With the extraordinary losses of Colopl, the legal battle between the two companies came to an end.  
2021-09-09
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