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浅谈修法前后美国专利法体系中的102条

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  • Time of issue:2016-12-26 01:11
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(Summary description)在2013年3月16日之前,美国《专利法》第102条所涉及的不仅仅是新颖性(novelty)的问题,它还规定了法定阻却(statutorybar),而且把这两个方面合在一起,统称为占先(anticipation)。从以下所涉及的法律文本来看,第102条的(a)、(e)、(g)款是关于新颖性判断的规则,(b)、(c)、(d)款是关于法定阻却(即第102条标题中所称的“专利权的丧失”)的规则,而(f)

浅谈修法前后美国专利法体系中的102条

(Summary description)在2013年3月16日之前,美国《专利法》第102条所涉及的不仅仅是新颖性(novelty)的问题,它还规定了法定阻却(statutorybar),而且把这两个方面合在一起,统称为占先(anticipation)。从以下所涉及的法律文本来看,第102条的(a)、(e)、(g)款是关于新颖性判断的规则,(b)、(c)、(d)款是关于法定阻却(即第102条标题中所称的“专利权的丧失”)的规则,而(f)

  • Categories:最新消息
  • Author:
  • Origin:
  • Time of issue:2016-12-26 01:11
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  在2013年3月16日之前,美国《专利法》第102条所涉及的不仅仅是新颖性(novelty)的问题,它还规定了法定阻却(statutory bar),而且把这两个方面合在一起,统称为占先(anticipation)。从以下所涉及的法律文本来看,第102条的(a)、(e)、(g)款是关于新颖性判断的规则,(b)、(c)、(d)款是关于法定阻却(即第102条标题中所称的“专利权的丧失”)的规则,而(f)款则是关于派生程序的规定。修改前《美国法典》第35编第102条的内容如下:

  “第102条 可专利性条件:新颖性,专利权的丧失该人应有权获得专利,除非属于下列情形——

  (a)在专利申请人完成其发明之前,该发明已经在本国为他人所知道或者使用,或者在国内外已经获得专利或者被描述在印刷出版物上,

  (b) 在本国申请专利日之前一年以上,该发明已经在国内外获得专利或者被描述在印刷出版物上,或者已经在本国公开使用或者销售,

  (c)该人已经放弃其发明,

  (d)该发明在其向本国申请专利日之前,申请人、法定代理人或其受让人首先在外国获得专利,导致获得专利,或者成为发明证书的对象,而该专利或发明证书的申请是在美国申请案12个月以前所提出的,

  (e)该发明在以下之处已有描述(1)在该专利申请人完成发明之前而由他人在美国提出并根据第122(b)条公开的专利申请中,或者(2)在该专利申请人完成发明之前而由他人在美国提出并获得授权的专利中,除非根据第351(a)条所定义之条约而提出的国际申请具有在美国提出申请的相同效力,只有当国际申请指定美国并且根据该条约第21(a)条而以英文公开,

  (f) 该人本身并不是作出该专利主题之发明的人,

  (g)(1)在根据第135条或第291条而进行抵触审查的过程中,所涉及的另一发明人在第104条所允许的范围内证明,在该人的发明之前,该发明已经由他人完成且其未予放弃、遏制或者隐藏的,或者(2)在该人的发明之前,该发明已经由其他发明人在本国内完成且其未予放弃、遏制或者隐藏。在依据本项而确定优先权时,不仅应考虑发明构思与付诸实际的日期,而且应当考虑到先完成发明构思而后付诸实践者自其先于他人完成发明构思之时起所付出的合理勤勉。”

  

华讯

 

表1修法前的102(a)

  

华讯

 

表2修法前的102(b)

 

  第102条(a)款与(b)款分别是新颖性和法定阻却规则的典型。从文本比较而言,两者看起来非常相似。但是,它们又各自包含不同的含义与功能。

  (1)时间。两者在此区分非常明显,(a)款的新颖性标准采用的是“发明日”,(b)款的法定阻却则有根据“专利申请日”计算的1年的宽限期。

  (2)空间。两者在这方面的标准几乎完全相同,均采用按披露方式不同而区分地理范围的做法。

  (3)行为人。两者显然存在区分,在(a)款关于新颖性的情形中明文规定了“他人”,而(b)款并没有“他人”字样,应被理解为“发明人本身或他人”。但实际上由于他人的这些行为可以通过(a)款解决,因此,(b)款主要是指发明人本身之所为。

  (4)行为种类。两者基本相同,但稍有区分。比如在(b)款专门规定了“销售”这种特定的情形。

  在AIA第3条于2013年3月16日生效之后,美国《专利法》第102条的结构发生了根本性变化。其一,该条的标题由“可专利性条件:新颖性,专利权的丧失”改为“可专利性条件:新颖性”,这就表明,第102条存在的关于新颖性与法定阻却的不同规则将消失,代之以统一的新颖性规则;其二,对现有技术的概念将作统一界定,取代目前第102条按照时间、地理区域和事件方式而分别界定现有技术的做法。如此一来,新的《专利法》第102条与世界其他国家和地区的专利法在形式上基本一致了。但需要注意的是,美国《专利法》第102条的术语,特别是这些术语往往因法官多年以来在判例中的解释而具有不同的含义,所以,美国专利法在新颖性规则方面,虽然采取了先申请制的形式,但在实质内容上仍然与世界其他国家保持距离。AIA之后的《专利法》第102条(a)款文本如下:“(a)新颖性;现有技术,发明人应享有专利权,除非——

  (1)主张权利之发明在其有效申请日之前已经获得专利,在出版物中已有描述,或者公开使用、销售或者以其他方式为公众所知;或者

  (2)主张权利之发明在根据第151条所授予的专利中,或者在根据第122(b)条而公开或者被视为公开的专利申请中已有描述,而在此情况下,该专利或专利申请之署名为其他发明人,且在该主张权利之发明的有效申请日之前已经有效提出申请。”

  

华讯

 

表3修法后的102(a)款1项

 

  第102条(b)款的标题是“例外”,亦即,它规定了上一款“新颖性与现有技术”之一般规定的例外情形。它分为两项:其一是宽限期;其二是发明人与争议对象的关系。先来分析第(1)项。其法律文本如下:

  “(b)例外——

  (1)在主张权利之发明的有效申请日之前1年或1年以内所作的披露--在主张权利之发明的有效申请日之前1年或1年以内所作的披露不属于根据第(a)(1)款所规定的主张权利之发明的现有技术,如果——

  (A)该披露系由发明人或合作发明人,或者因发明人或合作发明人直接或间接披露该对象从而获得该发明的他人所作;或者

  (B)在该披露作出之前,被披露之对象已经由发明人或合作发明人,或者因发明人或合作发明人直接或间接披露该对象从而获得该发明之他人公开披露。”

  由此可知,AIA之后专利法的宽限期规则是:发明人在其申请日之前1年内所作的披露不属于现有技术;或者,发明人与他人于申请日之前1年内均有披露,但发明人的披露早于他人的披露的,则他人的披露也不属于现有技术。

  其中的要点在于:首先,AIA之后《专利法》第102条的宽限期仍然是1年,且其关键日为“有效申请日”。这一点与之前专利法第102条(b)款基本相同。其次,其中涉及的发明人的披露,包括了由以下主体所作之披露:发明人自己,或者合作发明人,或者因发明人或合作发明人直接或间接披露该对象从而获得了该发明的他人。由此可知,因发明人的披露而获知了该发明的他人,其所作披露与发明人的披露具有相同效力。再次,这一宽限期规则就使得美国专利法实际上采取的是“披露在先”(first-to-disclose)制度。AIA的立法沿革也可说明这一点。美国国会的报告提到“委员会认识到,美国应当转向发明人先申请制,但委员会也承认,如果考虑到发明与研发的本质,那么严格的先申请制之中所固有的那些限制可能显得过于严厉了,即使有发明人的宽限期规则。为此,本法吸收了若干针对现有技术的例外。第一个例外就是第102条(b)(1)(B)的‘披露在先例外’(first-to-disclose exception)。这一例外实际上就创设了一种披露在先的规则(first-to-disclose rule)”。

  来源:http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-ZSCQ201304014.htm

Electronic

Electronic Arts pledges free use for five accessibility patents

Electronic Arts pledges free use for five accessibility patents Recently, Electronic Arts (EA) announced a patent pledge that gives other companies and developers free access to five of its current accessibility-related patents and technology. The company promised not to enforce against any party for infringing any of the listed patents. Instead, EA hopes to encourage “innovation” and build new features that make video games more inclusive on a much larger scale by opening up the patents.  Electronic Arts (EA) is an American video game company founded in 1982. The company owns many popular and famous games, such as The Sims, SimCity, Apex Legends, Madden NFL and FIFA. Each of the games has more than 30 or 50 million sales volume. Significantly, esports involves FIFA and Apex Legends into the event list. Apex Legends has up to 1 billion players, and it is so popular that it has a Switch version. Within the freely available patents, one of which grabs everyone’s attention -- Apex Legends’ ping system (patent No. US 11097189). The ping system in Apex Legends, which excellently allows players to make communication and teamwork quick and easy without hearing or speaking, has been praised both as an impressive alternative to voice chat and as a great accessibility feature for players with a variety of disabilities.  The other patents include the technology widely used in the FIFA and Madden NFL. The innovations can automatically detect and modify colors (patent No. US 10118097 and CN 107694092) and contrast ratios (patent No. US 10878540) to improve gamers’ visibility with colorblindness and low vision. Furthermore, one of the patents relates to personalized sound technology, helping players with hearing issues by modifying or creating music based on their preferences (patent No. US 10790919).   The code of the mentioned technology is published on EA’s GitHub, and it is open to all developers. Thus, the developers can use it or adapt it for their games without spending the costs to research. It is good that EA shares the patents for free use and aims to create an accessibility-increased gaming environment for players. However, it is not “unconditional” to use the listed patents. In the pledge, EA mentioned that it may terminate the promise for a specific party which files a patent infringement lawsuit or other patent proceedings against EA. We can see parts of EV’s ambition behind the announcement—to build a large game developer league and a community of shared interests.     Reference: https://www.ea.com/commitments/positive-play/accessibility-patent-pledge https://iknow.stpi.narl.org.tw/Post/Read.aspx?PostID=14562 https://www.polygon.com/22639469/apex-legends-electronic-arts-patent-pledge-accessibility-developers https://www.theverge.com/2021/8/24/22638535/ea-accessibility-patent-pledge-apex-legends-ping-system https://www.gamesradar.com/ea-secures-a-patent-for-the-apex-legends-ping-system-and-its-giving-it-away-for-free/ https://dotesports.com/apex-legends/news/apex-legends-ping-system-is-now-patent-free-for-accessibility https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2021/08/apex_legends_ping_system_now_patent-free_as_ea_announces_accessibility_pledge Recently, Electronic Arts (EA) announced a patent pledge that gives other companies and developers free access to five of its current accessibility-related patents and technology. The company promised not to enforce against any party for infringing any of the listed patents. Instead, EA hopes to encourage “innovation” and build new features that make video games more inclusive on a much larger scale by opening up the patents.    Electronic Arts (EA) is an American video game company founded in 1982. The company owns many popular and famous games, such as The Sims, SimCity, Apex Legends, Madden NFL and FIFA. Each of the games has more than 30 or 50 million sales volume. Significantly, esports involves FIFA and Apex Legends into the event list. Apex Legends has up to 1 billion players, and it is so popular that it has a Switch version.   Within the freely available patents, one of which grabs everyone’s attention -- Apex Legends’ ping system (patent No. US 11097189). The ping system in Apex Legends, which excellently allows players to make communication and teamwork quick and easy without hearing or speaking, has been praised both as an impressive alternative to voice chat and as a great accessibility feature for players with a variety of disabilities.    The other patents include the technology widely used in the FIFA and Madden NFL. The innovations can automatically detect and modify colors (patent No. US 10118097 and CN 107694092) and contrast ratios (patent No. US 10878540) to improve gamers’ visibility with colorblindness and low vision. Furthermore, one of the patents relates to personalized sound technology, helping players with hearing issues by modifying or creating music based on their preferences (patent No. US 10790919).   The
2021-10-22
The

The forum on "China's Intellectual Property-related Reform Measures and New Trends in Patent Litigation" will be held successfully!

The forum on "China's Intellectual Property-related Reform Measures and New Trends in Patent Litigation" will be held successfully! In response to the call for building a strong country with intellectual property rights, at 2 o'clock in the afternoon of October 21, the forum on "China's reform measures related to intellectual property rights and new trends in patent litigation" will be successfully held in Nanjing Jiangbei New District Industrial Technology Research and Innovation Park. The event was hosted by the Science and Technology Innovation Bureau of Nanjing Jiangbei New Area Management Committee, Nanjing Jiangbei New Area Industrial Technology Research and Innovation Park, Nanjing Intellectual Property Rights Protection Assistance Center Jiangbei New District Center, Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Consultant Co., Ltd., Nanjing Intellectual Property Co-organized by the Protection Center (Nanjing Intellectual Property Rights Protection Assistance Center), Taiwan Pharmaceutical Development Association, and Gene Online. The director of Nanjing Intellectual Property Protection Center, Mou Xiaojian, delivered a speech. Director Mu expressed his warm congratulations on the holding of this event and introduced in detail the new pattern of intellectual property protection in Nanjing. He said: At present, Nanjing has implemented a rights protection assistance network in the municipal area. With full coverage, Nanjing Intellectual Property Protection Center is willing to closely communicate and interact with Nanjing's innovation entities, and provide relevant public welfare services such as rapid pre-review, rapid rights protection, and comprehensive utilization for enterprises in need. In addition, Huang Funan, CEO of Gene Online, was unable to come to congratulate due to the epidemic, and recorded a congratulatory video. In the video, he said: China Innovative Pharmaceuticals has already made many outstanding achievements on the international stage, and these are inseparable from intellectual property rights. The support of the company can also show the importance of intellectual property rights to biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. This event invites four industry experts to focus on China's reform measures related to intellectual property rights and new trends in patent litigation, discuss with companies and universities, and make arrangements in advance. Dr. Qingchen Hou, general manager of Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Consulting Co., Ltd., introduced the "Guidelines for Building a Powerful Country with Intellectual Property Rights (2021-2035)" and explained his views from four aspects: background, strategic layout, overall requirements, and organizational guarantees. . Subsequently, a detailed analysis of China's patent linkage system was carried out, and compared with the same types of cases at home and abroad, questions were raised: Why should we reward the first person who successfully challenged patents? Not the first person to file a P4 application? And have a series of discussions with you. Director Jiang Haijun of the Intellectual Property Protection Legal Committee of the Nanjing Lawyers Association gave a speech on three points: the problems after the amendment of the patent law, the enforceability of the amount of compensation, and the legal conflicts related to service inventions. Regarding the patent right evaluation report, he emphasized that the patentee, interested party or accused infringer can also proactively issue a patent right evaluation report. "Patent is a work of art that combines technology and law" is a message shared by Mr. Feng Tao from Jiangsu Junbo Law Firm at this event. Mr. Feng analyzes the big data of Chinese patent litigation cases through graphs and examples. Explore. The last topic of the event was shared by Guo Huangying, Intellectual Property Manager of Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Agency (General Partnership)-China's Patent Infringement Judgment Principles and New Developments. Manager Guo explained to everyone the principles of patent infringement judgment and the necessity of patent infringement search and analysis before producing and selling products. In the intellectual property industry, ECCOM has been providing high-quality and professional comprehensive intellectual property services to enterprises and universities one step at a time. It also hopes that under the leadership of the state and the government, it will contribute to the building of a strong intellectual property nation in China. Make a contribution.
2021-10-22
Types

Types of patents that are easily overlooked- Design Patent

Types of patents that are easily overlooked- Design Patent In recent years, as the public’s awareness of intellectual property has increased, people have begun to consciously use the patent law to protect their intellectual property rights. However, in the process of implementation, they often only focus on invention patent and utility model patent, and tend to ignore the protection of design patent. Recently, Midea sued Haotaitai for two models of CXW-300-D998 and CXW-300-D908 Haotaitai brand range hoods In the case of suspected infringement of its design patent (patent number: ZL201930621598.X), the Guangzhou Intellectual Property Court made a first-instance judgment after hearing that it determined that the two products of Haotaitai constituted infringement, and ordered it to immediately stop the infringement and compensate Midea, The company's economic losses and reasonable expenses totaled 360,000 yuan. In fact, appearance infringement cases have occurred from time to time before, such as: "Molly" blind box design patent case, "Siemens" switch design patent infringement dispute case received a compensation of 6 million yuan, three Casio watch design patents were infringed Received a compensation of 8.8 million yuan and so on. The reason why people ignore the protection of design patents, in the final analysis, is that they have insufficient knowledge of design patents. Today, let's take a look at what is protected by design patents and what rights protections can we apply for? Design patent definition: Article 2 of the "Patent Law", design patent, refers to a new design that is aesthetically pleasing and suitable for industrial applications based on the shape, pattern, or combination of products, and the combination of color, shape, and pattern. Protected range: The shape of the product; the pattern of the product; the shape and pattern of the product; the shape and color of the product; the pattern and color of the product; the shape, pattern and color of the product. Protection period: The term of protection for design patent rights is 15 years, calculated from the date of filing. What are the conditions for applying for a design patent? The design should be aesthetically pleasing Appearance patents should be suitable for industrial applications The design patent application should be novel The design patent application should be inventiveness What are the advantages and functions of design patents? Protect the rights and interests of enterprises in product designs and fight against infringements in market competition. To enhance brand value, the quality and quantity of patents are the embodiment of the company's innovation ability and core competitiveness. Receive consumer recognition. If a company's new product appearance is filed for a patent in a timely manner, its appearance design will enjoy the exclusive right. Nowadays, consumers often choose products with trendy and beautiful appearance when buying their products. Applying for a design patent is a necessary condition for applying for a high-tech enterprise.
2021-09-26
Colopl

Colopl Settles Patent Infringement Lawsuit with Nintendo by Paying $30 Million

Colopl Settles Patent Infringement Lawsuit with Nintendo by Paying $30 Million   This August, Nintendo and a game developer Colopl announced that they have settled for patent infringement regarding White Cat Project (Shironeko Project in Japanese), a smartphone game developed by Colopl. Although both companies did not publicly share exact details of the settlement, at least it is sure that Colopl agreed to pay 3.3 billion yen (about US$30.2 million) as the settlement fee for the proceedings, including the future license of Nintendo's patents.    How did the battle begin?  Being developed and published by a Japanese game developer, Colopl, White Cat Project is a free-to-play action role-playing game for Android and iOS systems. The mobile game was launched in July 2014 as well as got a television anime adaptation in 2020. It is incredibly popular to have more than 50 million downloads. Furthermore, the game is set to receive a Switch version titled "Shironeko New Project".    In September 2016, Nintendo noted the Colopl's game and considered that the game had infringed on several of Nintendo's technology patents. The two companies communicated with each other for over a year; however, Nintendo did not accept the explanations from Colopl, and Nintendo filed a lawsuit against Colopl at the beginning of 2018.    Nintendo claimed that Colopl infringed 6 of its patents. These patents protect touch-screen joystick functionality (patent no. JP3734820), multiplayer connectivity (patent no. JP5595991, JP6271692), confirmation screens in sleep mode (patent no. JP4010533), character attacks based on touch input locations (patent no. JP4262217), and a shadow effect placed on characters hidden behind the game geometry (patent no. JP3637031).   These patents almost cover various ways of game technology, especially the patent  JP5595991 and JP6271692. Their patent family is wide-reaching, and many divisional applications of the family are pending in Japan. They protect a communication game system and its related devices. It is not easy to detect the patent's existence and boundary since this kind of hardcore technique is so common in the gaming field and our daily lives.     The five-year patent war has been settled.  After a five-year dispute, the situation appeared to turn in Nintendo's favor as the Switch maker increased its monetary demands, which convinced Colopl to strike a deal that lets it use the disputed patents. Furthermore, a Switch version of White Cat Project remains in the works at Colopl.    With the extraordinary losses of Colopl, the legal battle between the two companies came to an end.  
2021-09-09
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