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抗菌肽叩响抗生素替代大门

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(Summary description)上世纪二三十年代以来,抗生素的发现和应用拯救了无数人的生命。如果说之前人类因其受益,那么,如今全世界则不得不致力于解决抗生素滥用所导致的后果——耐药细菌的出现及传播。  一般人们把对几乎所有抗生素有抗药性的细菌统称为超级细菌。随着耐药细菌的阵容愈发强大乃至超超级细菌的出现。世界各国也逐渐意识到,抗生素滥用以及耐药细菌的出现正成为全球共同面临的一大严峻危机。尤其是今年以来,该问题引发空前关注。今年9

抗菌肽叩响抗生素替代大门

(Summary description)上世纪二三十年代以来,抗生素的发现和应用拯救了无数人的生命。如果说之前人类因其受益,那么,如今全世界则不得不致力于解决抗生素滥用所导致的后果——耐药细菌的出现及传播。  一般人们把对几乎所有抗生素有抗药性的细菌统称为超级细菌。随着耐药细菌的阵容愈发强大乃至超超级细菌的出现。世界各国也逐渐意识到,抗生素滥用以及耐药细菌的出现正成为全球共同面临的一大严峻危机。尤其是今年以来,该问题引发空前关注。今年9

  • Categories:最新消息
  • Author:
  • Origin:
  • Time of issue:2016-12-19 11:16
  • Views:
Information

  上世纪二三十年代以来,抗生素的发现和应用拯救了无数人的生命。如果说之前人类因其受益,那么,如今全世界则不得不致力于解决抗生素滥用所导致的后果——耐药细菌的出现及传播。

  一般人们把对几乎所有抗生素有抗药性的细菌统称为超级细菌。随着耐药细菌的阵容愈发强大乃至超超级细菌的出现。世界各国也逐渐意识到,抗生素滥用以及耐药细菌的出现正成为全球共同面临的一大严峻危机。尤其是今年以来,该问题引发空前关注。今年9月,杭州G20公报承诺将“推动谨慎使用抗生素”;同月,出席联合国大会的193个成员国签署宣言承诺加强管制抗生素。

  除了政策上加强监管,从技术上来说,寻找替代品也是实现减少抗生素使用目标的一种思路。目前,抗生素替代品研制正成为生物医药领域的优先课题,其中,抗菌肽因其对细菌具有广谱高效杀菌活性,且又不容易产生耐药性而成为抗生素替代品的“希望之星”。

  抗菌肽是一类具有生物活性的小分子多肽,是生物先天免疫系统的重要组成部分,其来源极其广泛,具有广谱的抗菌作用,细菌不易对其产生耐药性。

  1980年,瑞典科学家第一次在蚕蛹中诱导产生了具有抗菌活性的多肽。而后2005年,科学家从一种从生长于北欧松林地表的腐生子囊菌中首次分离出了一种防御素——菌丝霉素,其通过阻碍细菌细胞壁合成从而阻止病菌繁殖,对革兰氏阳性菌(如葡萄球菌、链球菌、肺炎双球菌等)具有较强防御作用。

  菌丝霉素的衍生物NZ2114则是通过高通量突变获得的比母体肽更为优良的衍生肽,其对金黄色葡萄球菌抗菌活性明显提高,比母体肽提高30倍以上。为进一步增强NZ2114抗金黄色葡萄球菌(以下简称金葡菌),尤其是对抗甲氧西林耐药型金黄色葡萄球菌(以下简称MRSA)的抗菌活性。中国农业科学院饲料研究所的王建华团队对NZ2114进一步改造,得到突变体MP1102。

  王建华团队是一支长期致力于抗菌肽及抗生素替代品研究的团队。该团队对抗革兰氏阳性菌抗菌肽、抗革兰氏阴性菌抗菌肽、Lfcin及其衍生肽的分子结构、基因表达、杀菌特性及杀菌机理等展开了系列研究。

  王建华团队的实验证明,MP1102的MRSA的抗菌活性是NZ2114的15倍。举例来说,如果MP1102以5mg/kg、10mg/kg和20mg/kg浓度治疗金葡菌感染小鼠,在12小时内能杀灭90%金葡菌。

  同时,MP1102对引起气性坏疽、食物中毒等多种疾病的产气荚膜梭菌亦有抗菌活性。“机理研究显示,MP1102对产气荚膜梭菌具有破坏细胞膜和干扰胞内DNA的双重杀菌机制。”王建华表示,无论是和菌丝霉素、NZ2114相比,还是和杆菌肽锌、金霉素和维吉尼亚霉素等其他抗生素比较,MP1102的对产气荚膜梭菌的抗菌活性都更为优异。

  此后,该团队又在菌丝霉素序列中引入带净正电荷和疏水氨基酸,设计抗菌肽MP1106,使其抗金葡菌的活性比母体肽提高近40倍。为提高菌丝霉素杀菌靶向性,研究团队将金葡菌信息素连接于菌丝霉素,构建金葡菌靶向抗菌肽。结果表明,靶向抗菌肽对目标菌具有特异杀菌作用,对其他益生菌如芽孢杆菌、乳酸链球菌、粪肠球菌等均未表现出抑菌活性。

  不仅如此,王建华团队还相继建立菌丝霉素、NZ2114、MP1102、MP1106的高效生产体系,实现该系列产品的高效分泌表达,产量分别为748 mg/L、2390 mg/L、695 mg/L和2134 mg/L,为同类型抗菌肽表达产量最高值。

  除了真菌防御素研究方面的系列工作之外,王建华团队还同时在海蚯蚓肽及其衍生肽、Lfcin 及其衍生肽的分子结构、重组表达、杀菌特性及杀菌机理等领域开展了持续研究。例如,王建华团队在海蚯蚓肽3的衍生肽NZ17074基础上设计衍生肽N2和N6。与母体肽相比,N2和N6对革兰氏阴性菌病原菌抗菌活性显着提高,同时具有较强环境稳定性。同时,该团队还成功获得了具有活性的重组抗菌肽。

  该团队的工作引起了国际同行的高度关注。近3年来,王建华团队发表相关SCI论文18篇,获得授权发明专利7项,论文被引频次157次。同行认为研发的抗菌肽具有杀菌效率高、稳定性好、不易产生耐药性、免疫原性低、制备成本低廉、产率高等优点。

  今年,24名欧美学者在学术期刊《The Lancet Infectious Diseases》联署综述,将团队参与开发的真菌防御素类抗菌肽列为传统抗生素理想替代物之首。同时德国抗菌微生物研究代表学者汤加·施耐德(Tanja Schneider)等认为,该团队研发的专抗革兰氏阳性球菌的真菌防御素类抗菌肽高效生产平台具有低成本、易操作、产率高等优点,极具开发前景。

  抗菌肽产业作为一个新兴的生物技术产业,长期以来,由于抗菌肽来源广、种类多,加之分子质量小、自然界含量低,存在分离纯化难、化学合成成本高等难题,亟待建立转基因高效低成本生产途径。王建华团队的工作,在抗菌肽产品设计、低成本生产等一系列瓶颈技术上取得了突破。

  王建华向记者透露,MP系列若干品种已经完成中试,具备可产业化水平,启动部分评价实验,拥有自主知识产权。相信在不远的未来,中国在抗菌肽生产这个领域里将走在世界的前列。

Electronic

Electronic Arts pledges free use for five accessibility patents

Electronic Arts pledges free use for five accessibility patents Recently, Electronic Arts (EA) announced a patent pledge that gives other companies and developers free access to five of its current accessibility-related patents and technology. The company promised not to enforce against any party for infringing any of the listed patents. Instead, EA hopes to encourage “innovation” and build new features that make video games more inclusive on a much larger scale by opening up the patents.  Electronic Arts (EA) is an American video game company founded in 1982. The company owns many popular and famous games, such as The Sims, SimCity, Apex Legends, Madden NFL and FIFA. Each of the games has more than 30 or 50 million sales volume. Significantly, esports involves FIFA and Apex Legends into the event list. Apex Legends has up to 1 billion players, and it is so popular that it has a Switch version. Within the freely available patents, one of which grabs everyone’s attention -- Apex Legends’ ping system (patent No. US 11097189). The ping system in Apex Legends, which excellently allows players to make communication and teamwork quick and easy without hearing or speaking, has been praised both as an impressive alternative to voice chat and as a great accessibility feature for players with a variety of disabilities.  The other patents include the technology widely used in the FIFA and Madden NFL. The innovations can automatically detect and modify colors (patent No. US 10118097 and CN 107694092) and contrast ratios (patent No. US 10878540) to improve gamers’ visibility with colorblindness and low vision. Furthermore, one of the patents relates to personalized sound technology, helping players with hearing issues by modifying or creating music based on their preferences (patent No. US 10790919).   The code of the mentioned technology is published on EA’s GitHub, and it is open to all developers. Thus, the developers can use it or adapt it for their games without spending the costs to research. It is good that EA shares the patents for free use and aims to create an accessibility-increased gaming environment for players. However, it is not “unconditional” to use the listed patents. In the pledge, EA mentioned that it may terminate the promise for a specific party which files a patent infringement lawsuit or other patent proceedings against EA. We can see parts of EV’s ambition behind the announcement—to build a large game developer league and a community of shared interests.     Reference: https://www.ea.com/commitments/positive-play/accessibility-patent-pledge https://iknow.stpi.narl.org.tw/Post/Read.aspx?PostID=14562 https://www.polygon.com/22639469/apex-legends-electronic-arts-patent-pledge-accessibility-developers https://www.theverge.com/2021/8/24/22638535/ea-accessibility-patent-pledge-apex-legends-ping-system https://www.gamesradar.com/ea-secures-a-patent-for-the-apex-legends-ping-system-and-its-giving-it-away-for-free/ https://dotesports.com/apex-legends/news/apex-legends-ping-system-is-now-patent-free-for-accessibility https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2021/08/apex_legends_ping_system_now_patent-free_as_ea_announces_accessibility_pledge Recently, Electronic Arts (EA) announced a patent pledge that gives other companies and developers free access to five of its current accessibility-related patents and technology. The company promised not to enforce against any party for infringing any of the listed patents. Instead, EA hopes to encourage “innovation” and build new features that make video games more inclusive on a much larger scale by opening up the patents.    Electronic Arts (EA) is an American video game company founded in 1982. The company owns many popular and famous games, such as The Sims, SimCity, Apex Legends, Madden NFL and FIFA. Each of the games has more than 30 or 50 million sales volume. Significantly, esports involves FIFA and Apex Legends into the event list. Apex Legends has up to 1 billion players, and it is so popular that it has a Switch version.   Within the freely available patents, one of which grabs everyone’s attention -- Apex Legends’ ping system (patent No. US 11097189). The ping system in Apex Legends, which excellently allows players to make communication and teamwork quick and easy without hearing or speaking, has been praised both as an impressive alternative to voice chat and as a great accessibility feature for players with a variety of disabilities.    The other patents include the technology widely used in the FIFA and Madden NFL. The innovations can automatically detect and modify colors (patent No. US 10118097 and CN 107694092) and contrast ratios (patent No. US 10878540) to improve gamers’ visibility with colorblindness and low vision. Furthermore, one of the patents relates to personalized sound technology, helping players with hearing issues by modifying or creating music based on their preferences (patent No. US 10790919).   The
2021-10-22
The

The forum on "China's Intellectual Property-related Reform Measures and New Trends in Patent Litigation" will be held successfully!

The forum on "China's Intellectual Property-related Reform Measures and New Trends in Patent Litigation" will be held successfully! In response to the call for building a strong country with intellectual property rights, at 2 o'clock in the afternoon of October 21, the forum on "China's reform measures related to intellectual property rights and new trends in patent litigation" will be successfully held in Nanjing Jiangbei New District Industrial Technology Research and Innovation Park. The event was hosted by the Science and Technology Innovation Bureau of Nanjing Jiangbei New Area Management Committee, Nanjing Jiangbei New Area Industrial Technology Research and Innovation Park, Nanjing Intellectual Property Rights Protection Assistance Center Jiangbei New District Center, Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Consultant Co., Ltd., Nanjing Intellectual Property Co-organized by the Protection Center (Nanjing Intellectual Property Rights Protection Assistance Center), Taiwan Pharmaceutical Development Association, and Gene Online. The director of Nanjing Intellectual Property Protection Center, Mou Xiaojian, delivered a speech. Director Mu expressed his warm congratulations on the holding of this event and introduced in detail the new pattern of intellectual property protection in Nanjing. He said: At present, Nanjing has implemented a rights protection assistance network in the municipal area. With full coverage, Nanjing Intellectual Property Protection Center is willing to closely communicate and interact with Nanjing's innovation entities, and provide relevant public welfare services such as rapid pre-review, rapid rights protection, and comprehensive utilization for enterprises in need. In addition, Huang Funan, CEO of Gene Online, was unable to come to congratulate due to the epidemic, and recorded a congratulatory video. In the video, he said: China Innovative Pharmaceuticals has already made many outstanding achievements on the international stage, and these are inseparable from intellectual property rights. The support of the company can also show the importance of intellectual property rights to biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. This event invites four industry experts to focus on China's reform measures related to intellectual property rights and new trends in patent litigation, discuss with companies and universities, and make arrangements in advance. Dr. Qingchen Hou, general manager of Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Consulting Co., Ltd., introduced the "Guidelines for Building a Powerful Country with Intellectual Property Rights (2021-2035)" and explained his views from four aspects: background, strategic layout, overall requirements, and organizational guarantees. . Subsequently, a detailed analysis of China's patent linkage system was carried out, and compared with the same types of cases at home and abroad, questions were raised: Why should we reward the first person who successfully challenged patents? Not the first person to file a P4 application? And have a series of discussions with you. Director Jiang Haijun of the Intellectual Property Protection Legal Committee of the Nanjing Lawyers Association gave a speech on three points: the problems after the amendment of the patent law, the enforceability of the amount of compensation, and the legal conflicts related to service inventions. Regarding the patent right evaluation report, he emphasized that the patentee, interested party or accused infringer can also proactively issue a patent right evaluation report. "Patent is a work of art that combines technology and law" is a message shared by Mr. Feng Tao from Jiangsu Junbo Law Firm at this event. Mr. Feng analyzes the big data of Chinese patent litigation cases through graphs and examples. Explore. The last topic of the event was shared by Guo Huangying, Intellectual Property Manager of Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Agency (General Partnership)-China's Patent Infringement Judgment Principles and New Developments. Manager Guo explained to everyone the principles of patent infringement judgment and the necessity of patent infringement search and analysis before producing and selling products. In the intellectual property industry, ECCOM has been providing high-quality and professional comprehensive intellectual property services to enterprises and universities one step at a time. It also hopes that under the leadership of the state and the government, it will contribute to the building of a strong intellectual property nation in China. Make a contribution.
2021-10-22
Types

Types of patents that are easily overlooked- Design Patent

Types of patents that are easily overlooked- Design Patent In recent years, as the public’s awareness of intellectual property has increased, people have begun to consciously use the patent law to protect their intellectual property rights. However, in the process of implementation, they often only focus on invention patent and utility model patent, and tend to ignore the protection of design patent. Recently, Midea sued Haotaitai for two models of CXW-300-D998 and CXW-300-D908 Haotaitai brand range hoods In the case of suspected infringement of its design patent (patent number: ZL201930621598.X), the Guangzhou Intellectual Property Court made a first-instance judgment after hearing that it determined that the two products of Haotaitai constituted infringement, and ordered it to immediately stop the infringement and compensate Midea, The company's economic losses and reasonable expenses totaled 360,000 yuan. In fact, appearance infringement cases have occurred from time to time before, such as: "Molly" blind box design patent case, "Siemens" switch design patent infringement dispute case received a compensation of 6 million yuan, three Casio watch design patents were infringed Received a compensation of 8.8 million yuan and so on. The reason why people ignore the protection of design patents, in the final analysis, is that they have insufficient knowledge of design patents. Today, let's take a look at what is protected by design patents and what rights protections can we apply for? Design patent definition: Article 2 of the "Patent Law", design patent, refers to a new design that is aesthetically pleasing and suitable for industrial applications based on the shape, pattern, or combination of products, and the combination of color, shape, and pattern. Protected range: The shape of the product; the pattern of the product; the shape and pattern of the product; the shape and color of the product; the pattern and color of the product; the shape, pattern and color of the product. Protection period: The term of protection for design patent rights is 15 years, calculated from the date of filing. What are the conditions for applying for a design patent? The design should be aesthetically pleasing Appearance patents should be suitable for industrial applications The design patent application should be novel The design patent application should be inventiveness What are the advantages and functions of design patents? Protect the rights and interests of enterprises in product designs and fight against infringements in market competition. To enhance brand value, the quality and quantity of patents are the embodiment of the company's innovation ability and core competitiveness. Receive consumer recognition. If a company's new product appearance is filed for a patent in a timely manner, its appearance design will enjoy the exclusive right. Nowadays, consumers often choose products with trendy and beautiful appearance when buying their products. Applying for a design patent is a necessary condition for applying for a high-tech enterprise.
2021-09-26
Colopl

Colopl Settles Patent Infringement Lawsuit with Nintendo by Paying $30 Million

Colopl Settles Patent Infringement Lawsuit with Nintendo by Paying $30 Million   This August, Nintendo and a game developer Colopl announced that they have settled for patent infringement regarding White Cat Project (Shironeko Project in Japanese), a smartphone game developed by Colopl. Although both companies did not publicly share exact details of the settlement, at least it is sure that Colopl agreed to pay 3.3 billion yen (about US$30.2 million) as the settlement fee for the proceedings, including the future license of Nintendo's patents.    How did the battle begin?  Being developed and published by a Japanese game developer, Colopl, White Cat Project is a free-to-play action role-playing game for Android and iOS systems. The mobile game was launched in July 2014 as well as got a television anime adaptation in 2020. It is incredibly popular to have more than 50 million downloads. Furthermore, the game is set to receive a Switch version titled "Shironeko New Project".    In September 2016, Nintendo noted the Colopl's game and considered that the game had infringed on several of Nintendo's technology patents. The two companies communicated with each other for over a year; however, Nintendo did not accept the explanations from Colopl, and Nintendo filed a lawsuit against Colopl at the beginning of 2018.    Nintendo claimed that Colopl infringed 6 of its patents. These patents protect touch-screen joystick functionality (patent no. JP3734820), multiplayer connectivity (patent no. JP5595991, JP6271692), confirmation screens in sleep mode (patent no. JP4010533), character attacks based on touch input locations (patent no. JP4262217), and a shadow effect placed on characters hidden behind the game geometry (patent no. JP3637031).   These patents almost cover various ways of game technology, especially the patent  JP5595991 and JP6271692. Their patent family is wide-reaching, and many divisional applications of the family are pending in Japan. They protect a communication game system and its related devices. It is not easy to detect the patent's existence and boundary since this kind of hardcore technique is so common in the gaming field and our daily lives.     The five-year patent war has been settled.  After a five-year dispute, the situation appeared to turn in Nintendo's favor as the Switch maker increased its monetary demands, which convinced Colopl to strike a deal that lets it use the disputed patents. Furthermore, a Switch version of White Cat Project remains in the works at Colopl.    With the extraordinary losses of Colopl, the legal battle between the two companies came to an end.  
2021-09-09
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