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浅谈美国专利侵权判定中的反向等同原则

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(Summary description)一、反向等同原则的概念与性质  反向等同原则(ReverseDoctrineofEquivalents),亦称为逆等同原则,是美国联邦最高法院在专利侵权诉讼的司法实践中确立的一项衡平原则。其含义是指被控侵权物或者方法在字面上落入了专利权利要求的保护范围,但被控侵权物或者方法与专利权利要求相比是以原理上不同的方式实现了相同或相似的功能,在这种情况下,被控侵权物或方法不构成对专利的侵权。  对于该项原

浅谈美国专利侵权判定中的反向等同原则

(Summary description)一、反向等同原则的概念与性质  反向等同原则(ReverseDoctrineofEquivalents),亦称为逆等同原则,是美国联邦最高法院在专利侵权诉讼的司法实践中确立的一项衡平原则。其含义是指被控侵权物或者方法在字面上落入了专利权利要求的保护范围,但被控侵权物或者方法与专利权利要求相比是以原理上不同的方式实现了相同或相似的功能,在这种情况下,被控侵权物或方法不构成对专利的侵权。  对于该项原

  • Categories:最新消息
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  • Time of issue:2016-11-25 13:37
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  一、反向等同原则的概念与性质

  反向等同原则(Reverse Doctrine of Equivalents),亦称为逆等同原则,是美国联邦最高法院在专利侵权诉讼的司法实践中确立的一项衡平原则。其含义是指被控侵权物或者方法在字面上落入了专利权利要求的保护范围,但被控侵权物或者方法与专利权利要求相比是以原理上不同的方式实现了相同或相似的功能,在这种情况下,被控侵权物或方法不构成对专利的侵权。

  对于该项原则的性质,笔者认为是被控专利侵权者针对相同侵权指控的一种抗辩手段。具体而言,当原告可以证明被控侵权物或方法落入专利权利要求的字面范围即构成相同侵权的情况下,被告可以通过举证来证明被控产品或方法是以实质不同的方式实现了发明的功能,在原理上与专利存在实质性的区别,从而推翻原告的侵权指控。

  二、反向等同原则的起源与发展

  通说认为,反向等同原则的思想起源于美国1898年的Boyden Power Brake Co. v. Westinghouse案。随后,美国联邦最高法院在1950年的 Graver Tank & Mfg. Co. v. Linde Air Products Co.案的判决书中正式确定了反向等同原则。

  1869 年,Westinghouse发明了一种利用一个中心气压箱以使列车刹车的制动装置,该专利的一项权利要求内容包括中心气压箱、辅助气压箱、空气管、制动汽缸、阀门、活塞等装置。而本案被告Boyden的产品包含了原告专利权利要求中的所有部件,但是在组合方式上进行了较大程度的改进并增加入了一个关键部件,使列车刹车装置更为高效快捷,适应了19世纪晚期列车日益变长的趋势。

  美国联邦最高法院法院在本案的判决书中指出,即使被控侵权物不在权利要求的字面范围内,在某种情况下仍然构成侵权。反言之,即使被控侵权物落入了专利权利要求的字面范围,但如果被控侵权物在原理上已经发生了根本的改变,则被控侵权物就不在专利权的保护范围之内,不构成专利权的侵犯。在本案中,从表面上看,Boyden的装置包含了权利要求中的所有部件,在字面意义上完全落入了Westinghouse专利的保护范围,然而Boyden装置的具体组合关系已经与涉案专利有着本质的区别,从而使它跳出了专利的保护范围。

  1950年 Graver Tank & Mfg. Co. v. Linde Air Products Co.案则是反向等同原则发展史上的又一里程碑。美国联邦最高法院在此案中确认了反向等同原则,认定其抗辩专利侵权的作用并明确地指出“等同原则并不总是有利于专利权人,有时也会不利于专利权人。当一项装置与专利相比,即使该装置落入该专利权利要求的字面范围,但采用了实质不同的原理与不同的方式完成了相同或相似的功能时,被控侵权方仍然可以借用等同原则限制专利权利要求的保护范围,回应专利权人的侵权指控。” 虽然在判决书中美国联邦最高法院仍然使用的是等同原则,没有直接引入反向等同原则这一词,但可清楚看出反向等同原则和等同原则之间的关系。

  根据反向等同原则的定义以及美国联邦最高法院针对上述两则案例的论述,笔者认为,反向等同原则的适用必须满足三大要件,即被控产品或方法在字面上落入专利权利要求的保护范围、原理上存在实质区别、以实质不同的方式达到了相同或相似的功能。

  三、反向等同原则的适用情况

  追溯反向等同原则的产生原因,笔者认为,主要是由于被诉侵权行为发生之时权利要求不再得到说明书的充分支持,成为一个比说明书的记载更为宽泛的发明创造。在这其中,既有科学技术发展的客观因素,也有采用功能性限定技术特征等专利撰写技巧的人为因素。

  在当今这个科技迅速发展的时代,新产业不断兴起,新技术不断孕育,新成果不断涌现,从而在客观上会导致专利权利要求字面意义的范围不断扩张,甚至是颠覆性的变化。然而,专利说明书中记载的具体技术内容可能仍停留在申请时的技术水平或者其扩张的范围并未有专利权利要求如此之大,由此则会造成权利要求的字面范围与说明书中的具体技术内容产生脱节并且该脱节随着时间的推移不断扩大。由此,后续技术虽然进行了根本的改进,以原理上不同的方式实现了相同或相似的功能,但仍就可能落入专利权利要求的字面范围。

  以纳米技术为例,纳米技术并非只是尺度的缩小,微观粒子的内部结构、排序、相互作用等物理意义较宏观技术也发生了根本的改变。设想一件微观意义上的纳米装置落入了一项宏观意义上的专利的字面范围,但由于微观粒子的相互作用、活动机理等都与宏观世界大相径庭,纳米装置的设计者在设计过程中必须考虑很多与该材料宏观尺度时不同的特点,而这些特点会造成与在先专利有显著区别。如果根据权利要求的字面含义就认定纳米装置侵犯宏观技术的在先专利权,很大程度将影响纳米领域在后技术创新者的积极性,不利于纳米领域的科技发展。而反向等同原则可以为纳米技术的设计者提供一个公平的法律庇护。

  另外,功能性限定技术特征已经成为专利撰写的一种趋势,在电学领域尤为常见。由于功能性限定技术特征的撰写方式不仅覆盖了说明书中记载的具体实现方式,而且可以覆盖能够实现该功能的其他方式,因此,如果采用功能性限定技术特征使权利要求字面范围超出说明书记载的技术内容的合理范围,或者当功能性限定技术特征因素与科学发展的因素相结合,也非常容易产生权利要求的字面含义得不到说明书的充分支持的情况。在此情况下,当不应落入保护范围的被控侵权物或方法遭遇侵权诉讼时,反向等同原则不失为一种较好的抗辩手段。

Electronic

Electronic Arts pledges free use for five accessibility patents

Electronic Arts pledges free use for five accessibility patents Recently, Electronic Arts (EA) announced a patent pledge that gives other companies and developers free access to five of its current accessibility-related patents and technology. The company promised not to enforce against any party for infringing any of the listed patents. Instead, EA hopes to encourage “innovation” and build new features that make video games more inclusive on a much larger scale by opening up the patents.  Electronic Arts (EA) is an American video game company founded in 1982. The company owns many popular and famous games, such as The Sims, SimCity, Apex Legends, Madden NFL and FIFA. Each of the games has more than 30 or 50 million sales volume. Significantly, esports involves FIFA and Apex Legends into the event list. Apex Legends has up to 1 billion players, and it is so popular that it has a Switch version. Within the freely available patents, one of which grabs everyone’s attention -- Apex Legends’ ping system (patent No. US 11097189). The ping system in Apex Legends, which excellently allows players to make communication and teamwork quick and easy without hearing or speaking, has been praised both as an impressive alternative to voice chat and as a great accessibility feature for players with a variety of disabilities.  The other patents include the technology widely used in the FIFA and Madden NFL. The innovations can automatically detect and modify colors (patent No. US 10118097 and CN 107694092) and contrast ratios (patent No. US 10878540) to improve gamers’ visibility with colorblindness and low vision. Furthermore, one of the patents relates to personalized sound technology, helping players with hearing issues by modifying or creating music based on their preferences (patent No. US 10790919).   The code of the mentioned technology is published on EA’s GitHub, and it is open to all developers. Thus, the developers can use it or adapt it for their games without spending the costs to research. It is good that EA shares the patents for free use and aims to create an accessibility-increased gaming environment for players. However, it is not “unconditional” to use the listed patents. In the pledge, EA mentioned that it may terminate the promise for a specific party which files a patent infringement lawsuit or other patent proceedings against EA. We can see parts of EV’s ambition behind the announcement—to build a large game developer league and a community of shared interests.     Reference: https://www.ea.com/commitments/positive-play/accessibility-patent-pledge https://iknow.stpi.narl.org.tw/Post/Read.aspx?PostID=14562 https://www.polygon.com/22639469/apex-legends-electronic-arts-patent-pledge-accessibility-developers https://www.theverge.com/2021/8/24/22638535/ea-accessibility-patent-pledge-apex-legends-ping-system https://www.gamesradar.com/ea-secures-a-patent-for-the-apex-legends-ping-system-and-its-giving-it-away-for-free/ https://dotesports.com/apex-legends/news/apex-legends-ping-system-is-now-patent-free-for-accessibility https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2021/08/apex_legends_ping_system_now_patent-free_as_ea_announces_accessibility_pledge Recently, Electronic Arts (EA) announced a patent pledge that gives other companies and developers free access to five of its current accessibility-related patents and technology. The company promised not to enforce against any party for infringing any of the listed patents. Instead, EA hopes to encourage “innovation” and build new features that make video games more inclusive on a much larger scale by opening up the patents.    Electronic Arts (EA) is an American video game company founded in 1982. The company owns many popular and famous games, such as The Sims, SimCity, Apex Legends, Madden NFL and FIFA. Each of the games has more than 30 or 50 million sales volume. Significantly, esports involves FIFA and Apex Legends into the event list. Apex Legends has up to 1 billion players, and it is so popular that it has a Switch version.   Within the freely available patents, one of which grabs everyone’s attention -- Apex Legends’ ping system (patent No. US 11097189). The ping system in Apex Legends, which excellently allows players to make communication and teamwork quick and easy without hearing or speaking, has been praised both as an impressive alternative to voice chat and as a great accessibility feature for players with a variety of disabilities.    The other patents include the technology widely used in the FIFA and Madden NFL. The innovations can automatically detect and modify colors (patent No. US 10118097 and CN 107694092) and contrast ratios (patent No. US 10878540) to improve gamers’ visibility with colorblindness and low vision. Furthermore, one of the patents relates to personalized sound technology, helping players with hearing issues by modifying or creating music based on their preferences (patent No. US 10790919).   The
2021-10-22
The

The forum on "China's Intellectual Property-related Reform Measures and New Trends in Patent Litigation" will be held successfully!

The forum on "China's Intellectual Property-related Reform Measures and New Trends in Patent Litigation" will be held successfully! In response to the call for building a strong country with intellectual property rights, at 2 o'clock in the afternoon of October 21, the forum on "China's reform measures related to intellectual property rights and new trends in patent litigation" will be successfully held in Nanjing Jiangbei New District Industrial Technology Research and Innovation Park. The event was hosted by the Science and Technology Innovation Bureau of Nanjing Jiangbei New Area Management Committee, Nanjing Jiangbei New Area Industrial Technology Research and Innovation Park, Nanjing Intellectual Property Rights Protection Assistance Center Jiangbei New District Center, Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Consultant Co., Ltd., Nanjing Intellectual Property Co-organized by the Protection Center (Nanjing Intellectual Property Rights Protection Assistance Center), Taiwan Pharmaceutical Development Association, and Gene Online. The director of Nanjing Intellectual Property Protection Center, Mou Xiaojian, delivered a speech. Director Mu expressed his warm congratulations on the holding of this event and introduced in detail the new pattern of intellectual property protection in Nanjing. He said: At present, Nanjing has implemented a rights protection assistance network in the municipal area. With full coverage, Nanjing Intellectual Property Protection Center is willing to closely communicate and interact with Nanjing's innovation entities, and provide relevant public welfare services such as rapid pre-review, rapid rights protection, and comprehensive utilization for enterprises in need. In addition, Huang Funan, CEO of Gene Online, was unable to come to congratulate due to the epidemic, and recorded a congratulatory video. In the video, he said: China Innovative Pharmaceuticals has already made many outstanding achievements on the international stage, and these are inseparable from intellectual property rights. The support of the company can also show the importance of intellectual property rights to biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. This event invites four industry experts to focus on China's reform measures related to intellectual property rights and new trends in patent litigation, discuss with companies and universities, and make arrangements in advance. Dr. Qingchen Hou, general manager of Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Consulting Co., Ltd., introduced the "Guidelines for Building a Powerful Country with Intellectual Property Rights (2021-2035)" and explained his views from four aspects: background, strategic layout, overall requirements, and organizational guarantees. . Subsequently, a detailed analysis of China's patent linkage system was carried out, and compared with the same types of cases at home and abroad, questions were raised: Why should we reward the first person who successfully challenged patents? Not the first person to file a P4 application? And have a series of discussions with you. Director Jiang Haijun of the Intellectual Property Protection Legal Committee of the Nanjing Lawyers Association gave a speech on three points: the problems after the amendment of the patent law, the enforceability of the amount of compensation, and the legal conflicts related to service inventions. Regarding the patent right evaluation report, he emphasized that the patentee, interested party or accused infringer can also proactively issue a patent right evaluation report. "Patent is a work of art that combines technology and law" is a message shared by Mr. Feng Tao from Jiangsu Junbo Law Firm at this event. Mr. Feng analyzes the big data of Chinese patent litigation cases through graphs and examples. Explore. The last topic of the event was shared by Guo Huangying, Intellectual Property Manager of Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Agency (General Partnership)-China's Patent Infringement Judgment Principles and New Developments. Manager Guo explained to everyone the principles of patent infringement judgment and the necessity of patent infringement search and analysis before producing and selling products. In the intellectual property industry, ECCOM has been providing high-quality and professional comprehensive intellectual property services to enterprises and universities one step at a time. It also hopes that under the leadership of the state and the government, it will contribute to the building of a strong intellectual property nation in China. Make a contribution.
2021-10-22
Types

Types of patents that are easily overlooked- Design Patent

Types of patents that are easily overlooked- Design Patent In recent years, as the public’s awareness of intellectual property has increased, people have begun to consciously use the patent law to protect their intellectual property rights. However, in the process of implementation, they often only focus on invention patent and utility model patent, and tend to ignore the protection of design patent. Recently, Midea sued Haotaitai for two models of CXW-300-D998 and CXW-300-D908 Haotaitai brand range hoods In the case of suspected infringement of its design patent (patent number: ZL201930621598.X), the Guangzhou Intellectual Property Court made a first-instance judgment after hearing that it determined that the two products of Haotaitai constituted infringement, and ordered it to immediately stop the infringement and compensate Midea, The company's economic losses and reasonable expenses totaled 360,000 yuan. In fact, appearance infringement cases have occurred from time to time before, such as: "Molly" blind box design patent case, "Siemens" switch design patent infringement dispute case received a compensation of 6 million yuan, three Casio watch design patents were infringed Received a compensation of 8.8 million yuan and so on. The reason why people ignore the protection of design patents, in the final analysis, is that they have insufficient knowledge of design patents. Today, let's take a look at what is protected by design patents and what rights protections can we apply for? Design patent definition: Article 2 of the "Patent Law", design patent, refers to a new design that is aesthetically pleasing and suitable for industrial applications based on the shape, pattern, or combination of products, and the combination of color, shape, and pattern. Protected range: The shape of the product; the pattern of the product; the shape and pattern of the product; the shape and color of the product; the pattern and color of the product; the shape, pattern and color of the product. Protection period: The term of protection for design patent rights is 15 years, calculated from the date of filing. What are the conditions for applying for a design patent? The design should be aesthetically pleasing Appearance patents should be suitable for industrial applications The design patent application should be novel The design patent application should be inventiveness What are the advantages and functions of design patents? Protect the rights and interests of enterprises in product designs and fight against infringements in market competition. To enhance brand value, the quality and quantity of patents are the embodiment of the company's innovation ability and core competitiveness. Receive consumer recognition. If a company's new product appearance is filed for a patent in a timely manner, its appearance design will enjoy the exclusive right. Nowadays, consumers often choose products with trendy and beautiful appearance when buying their products. Applying for a design patent is a necessary condition for applying for a high-tech enterprise.
2021-09-26
Colopl

Colopl Settles Patent Infringement Lawsuit with Nintendo by Paying $30 Million

Colopl Settles Patent Infringement Lawsuit with Nintendo by Paying $30 Million   This August, Nintendo and a game developer Colopl announced that they have settled for patent infringement regarding White Cat Project (Shironeko Project in Japanese), a smartphone game developed by Colopl. Although both companies did not publicly share exact details of the settlement, at least it is sure that Colopl agreed to pay 3.3 billion yen (about US$30.2 million) as the settlement fee for the proceedings, including the future license of Nintendo's patents.    How did the battle begin?  Being developed and published by a Japanese game developer, Colopl, White Cat Project is a free-to-play action role-playing game for Android and iOS systems. The mobile game was launched in July 2014 as well as got a television anime adaptation in 2020. It is incredibly popular to have more than 50 million downloads. Furthermore, the game is set to receive a Switch version titled "Shironeko New Project".    In September 2016, Nintendo noted the Colopl's game and considered that the game had infringed on several of Nintendo's technology patents. The two companies communicated with each other for over a year; however, Nintendo did not accept the explanations from Colopl, and Nintendo filed a lawsuit against Colopl at the beginning of 2018.    Nintendo claimed that Colopl infringed 6 of its patents. These patents protect touch-screen joystick functionality (patent no. JP3734820), multiplayer connectivity (patent no. JP5595991, JP6271692), confirmation screens in sleep mode (patent no. JP4010533), character attacks based on touch input locations (patent no. JP4262217), and a shadow effect placed on characters hidden behind the game geometry (patent no. JP3637031).   These patents almost cover various ways of game technology, especially the patent  JP5595991 and JP6271692. Their patent family is wide-reaching, and many divisional applications of the family are pending in Japan. They protect a communication game system and its related devices. It is not easy to detect the patent's existence and boundary since this kind of hardcore technique is so common in the gaming field and our daily lives.     The five-year patent war has been settled.  After a five-year dispute, the situation appeared to turn in Nintendo's favor as the Switch maker increased its monetary demands, which convinced Colopl to strike a deal that lets it use the disputed patents. Furthermore, a Switch version of White Cat Project remains in the works at Colopl.    With the extraordinary losses of Colopl, the legal battle between the two companies came to an end.  
2021-09-09
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