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浅谈美国专利法中的创造性

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  • Time of issue:2016-11-25 13:38
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(Summary description)美国专利法的创造性如下规定:  35U.S.C.103(a):Apatentmaynotbeobtainedthoughtheinventionisnotidenticallydisclosedordescribedassetforthinsection102ofthistitle,ifthedifferencesbetweenthesubjectmattersoughttobepatenteda

浅谈美国专利法中的创造性

(Summary description)美国专利法的创造性如下规定:  35U.S.C.103(a):Apatentmaynotbeobtainedthoughtheinventionisnotidenticallydisclosedordescribedassetforthinsection102ofthistitle,ifthedifferencesbetweenthesubjectmattersoughttobepatenteda

  • Categories:最新消息
  • Author:
  • Origin:
  • Time of issue:2016-11-25 13:38
  • Views:
Information

  美国专利法的创造性如下规定:

  35 U.S.C.103(a):A patent may not be obtained though the invention is not identically disclosed or described as set forth in section 102 of this title, if the differences between the subject matter sought to be patented and the prior art are such that the subject matter as a whole would have been obvious at the time the invention was made to a person having ordinary skill in the art to which said subject matter pertains. Patentability shall not be negatived by the manner in which the invention was made.

  如前所述,35 U.S.C. 103 (a) 对创造性进行了描述,但是条文并未给出非显而易见性的详细定义,所以仍然需要进一步通过司法实践来明确其要求。因此,美国最高法院于1966年通过Graham案中,确定了葛兰氏四要素。非显而易见性的判断是一个基于基本事实的法律问题,(1)确定现有技术的范围和内容,(2)确定申请发明与现有技术之间的区别,(3)决定相应领域的普通技术水平,(4)评估作为证据的辅助性考虑因素,包括商业上成功、长期渴望解决的需求、他人的失败等。这些因素统称为葛兰氏四要素。之后,联邦巡回上诉法院(CAFC)在Dennison案中针对组合发明对最高法院确定的判断框架中作了进一步改革,提出了教导-启示-动机(teaching-suggestion-motivation test)的判断方法,即TSM标准。

  为确定一项发明是显而易见的普通技术,必须要有明确的合理的推理基础,以支持显而易见的法律结论。所述推理基础也是确定一项发明是否具有非显而易见性的判断标准。所申请的发明与现有技术相比,只是其中一个或几个技术元素进行了替换,并且替换的技术元素的功能是已知的;本领域普通技术人员都能够实现此种替换,且其替换后的技术效果也是可预知的。事实上,如果具有普通技术水平的技术人员能够基与现有技术。替换其中的技术元素并且能够预知替换后的技术效果,那么该发明是显而易见的。

  在确定了 Graham事实证据后,依据本理由拒绝申请的发明的具体推理步骤:

  a.所申请的发明与现有技术的区别,仅仅在于所申请的发明中某一技术元素是替换了现有技术中的某个技术元素;

  b.所替换的技术元素和其功能在现有技术中是已知的;

  c.本领域普通技术人员能够基于现有技术实现这种技术元素的替换且能够预见其替换后的效果;

  d.与Graham其他事实一起共同考虑得出显而易见的结论。

  在判断过程中遇到的法律问题是:在授予专利主题和现有技术之间的区别对本领域的技术人员来说,是否显而易见?

  非显而易见性问题从根本上来说是个法律问题,但需若干基础事实调查。美国最高法院1966年在Graham v. John Deere Co.一案中区分了显而易见性调查的三个核心因素:(1)现有技术的范围和内容;(2)现有技术与权利要求的差异;(3)相关技术领域技术人员的水平。其它“辅助考查因素”,例如发明长期无实施需求、他人的在先失利以及发明商业上的成功等,都可以支持该技术具有非显而易见性的法律结论。其中针对(1)和(2)的分析较为明确且不同判断者之间容易取得共识,但(3)则更多地属于主观判断。

  在判断过程中遇到的法律问题是:在授予专利主题和现有技术之间的区别对本领域的技术人员来说,是否显而易见?

  非显而易见性问题从根本上来说是个法律问题,但需若干基础事实调查。美国最高法院1966年在Graham v. John Deere Co.一案中区分了显而易见性调查的三个核心因素:(1)现有技术的范围和内容;(2)现有技术与权利要求的差异;(3)相关技术领域技术人员的水平。其它“辅助考查因素”,例如发明长期无实施需求、他人的在先失利以及发明商业上的成功等,都可以支持该技术具有非显而易见性的法律结论。其中针对(1)和(2)的分析较为明确且不同判断者之间容易取得共识,但(3)则更多地属于主观判断。

  然而,2007年4月美国最高法院在KSR v. Teleflex案中对“非显而易见性”再次进行了审查,对TSM标准提出了质疑,认为CAFC过于严格地采用TSM测试法而不愿求助于常识,不但为不必要的行为,同时已经违背了最高法院之前确立的Graham标准。因为在许多情况下,尽管结合行为非常显然,但是证明该结合却非常困难乃至不可能。例如,如果权利要求出现在新兴技术领域或者该结合对本领域的技术人员是如此之明显,以至没有人来得及记录或认为需要记录诸如此类结合的技术上的细微变化,此时这种确定性证据可能就非常难以获得。

  KSR案将美国联邦巡回上诉法院长期以来针对组合现有技术文献所坚持的TSM检验法降到了次要或可选地位,再次重申了Graham标准,并且重新启用了“显易尝试(obvious to try)”概念,认为其也是显而易见性判定上的适当考虑因素,因此明显改变了由TSM检验法确定显而易见性的方法。美国最高法院限制了明确性很强的TSM检验法的适用,转而采用客观性较低的“常识”和“普通创造力”标准,由此增加了预测专利有效性和新发明可专利性的难度。

  KSR案之后,在Takeda v. Alphapharm案中,美国联邦巡回上诉法院认为:在涉及新化学化合物的案件中,为了确认新化合物是否具有满足‘初步证据’的显而易见性,仍然有必要确定具体哪些缘由导致研究人员以特定的方式修改已知化合物,因此要求被告(或者审查员)说明(或确认)具体哪些缘由促使其改变现有技术,以达成新的被主张的结构。虽然被告认为该案的裁定与KSR案的裁定相违,因此一再请求美国最高法院复审,但美国最高法院拒绝了该复审申请。这似乎表明,TSM标准至少在化学领域,对于新化合物仍然有效。Takeda案表明,至少在化学领域,对于重要的新结构重排,如果不能证明这种新结构重排曾受到现有技术的启发,则这种新结构重排不具有显而易见性。因此,许多人认为美国最高法院在KSR案中确立的非显而易见性的判断标准将多用于诸如机械等可预见性较强的领域。

  经过近两年的实践,美国专利商标局在专利审查中对KSR案中确立的创造性标准的采用也逐渐显现,审查员更经常地在权利要求的各个技术特征已被公开时,仅根据常识而不是具体文献断言各技术特征的结合是显而易见的。在Smith案中,负责该案的专利委员会认为,如果被主张的旧要素结合只能产生可预见的结果,则该结合很可能是显而易见的。此外,“因为法庭会考虑相关领域的普通技术人员进行的推导和创新,所以在分析时,不必根据受诉权利要求的具体内容寻找相应的确切教导内容。” 然而,该专利委员会还指出,不能仅以结论性的语句来认定存在显而易见性,从而拒绝授予专利,相反,应对针对显而易见性的结论进行详细的事实认定。

Electronic

Electronic Arts pledges free use for five accessibility patents

Electronic Arts pledges free use for five accessibility patents Recently, Electronic Arts (EA) announced a patent pledge that gives other companies and developers free access to five of its current accessibility-related patents and technology. The company promised not to enforce against any party for infringing any of the listed patents. Instead, EA hopes to encourage “innovation” and build new features that make video games more inclusive on a much larger scale by opening up the patents.  Electronic Arts (EA) is an American video game company founded in 1982. The company owns many popular and famous games, such as The Sims, SimCity, Apex Legends, Madden NFL and FIFA. Each of the games has more than 30 or 50 million sales volume. Significantly, esports involves FIFA and Apex Legends into the event list. Apex Legends has up to 1 billion players, and it is so popular that it has a Switch version. Within the freely available patents, one of which grabs everyone’s attention -- Apex Legends’ ping system (patent No. US 11097189). The ping system in Apex Legends, which excellently allows players to make communication and teamwork quick and easy without hearing or speaking, has been praised both as an impressive alternative to voice chat and as a great accessibility feature for players with a variety of disabilities.  The other patents include the technology widely used in the FIFA and Madden NFL. The innovations can automatically detect and modify colors (patent No. US 10118097 and CN 107694092) and contrast ratios (patent No. US 10878540) to improve gamers’ visibility with colorblindness and low vision. Furthermore, one of the patents relates to personalized sound technology, helping players with hearing issues by modifying or creating music based on their preferences (patent No. US 10790919).   The code of the mentioned technology is published on EA’s GitHub, and it is open to all developers. Thus, the developers can use it or adapt it for their games without spending the costs to research. It is good that EA shares the patents for free use and aims to create an accessibility-increased gaming environment for players. However, it is not “unconditional” to use the listed patents. In the pledge, EA mentioned that it may terminate the promise for a specific party which files a patent infringement lawsuit or other patent proceedings against EA. We can see parts of EV’s ambition behind the announcement—to build a large game developer league and a community of shared interests.     Reference: https://www.ea.com/commitments/positive-play/accessibility-patent-pledge https://iknow.stpi.narl.org.tw/Post/Read.aspx?PostID=14562 https://www.polygon.com/22639469/apex-legends-electronic-arts-patent-pledge-accessibility-developers https://www.theverge.com/2021/8/24/22638535/ea-accessibility-patent-pledge-apex-legends-ping-system https://www.gamesradar.com/ea-secures-a-patent-for-the-apex-legends-ping-system-and-its-giving-it-away-for-free/ https://dotesports.com/apex-legends/news/apex-legends-ping-system-is-now-patent-free-for-accessibility https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2021/08/apex_legends_ping_system_now_patent-free_as_ea_announces_accessibility_pledge Recently, Electronic Arts (EA) announced a patent pledge that gives other companies and developers free access to five of its current accessibility-related patents and technology. The company promised not to enforce against any party for infringing any of the listed patents. Instead, EA hopes to encourage “innovation” and build new features that make video games more inclusive on a much larger scale by opening up the patents.    Electronic Arts (EA) is an American video game company founded in 1982. The company owns many popular and famous games, such as The Sims, SimCity, Apex Legends, Madden NFL and FIFA. Each of the games has more than 30 or 50 million sales volume. Significantly, esports involves FIFA and Apex Legends into the event list. Apex Legends has up to 1 billion players, and it is so popular that it has a Switch version.   Within the freely available patents, one of which grabs everyone’s attention -- Apex Legends’ ping system (patent No. US 11097189). The ping system in Apex Legends, which excellently allows players to make communication and teamwork quick and easy without hearing or speaking, has been praised both as an impressive alternative to voice chat and as a great accessibility feature for players with a variety of disabilities.    The other patents include the technology widely used in the FIFA and Madden NFL. The innovations can automatically detect and modify colors (patent No. US 10118097 and CN 107694092) and contrast ratios (patent No. US 10878540) to improve gamers’ visibility with colorblindness and low vision. Furthermore, one of the patents relates to personalized sound technology, helping players with hearing issues by modifying or creating music based on their preferences (patent No. US 10790919).   The
2021-10-22
The

The forum on "China's Intellectual Property-related Reform Measures and New Trends in Patent Litigation" will be held successfully!

The forum on "China's Intellectual Property-related Reform Measures and New Trends in Patent Litigation" will be held successfully! In response to the call for building a strong country with intellectual property rights, at 2 o'clock in the afternoon of October 21, the forum on "China's reform measures related to intellectual property rights and new trends in patent litigation" will be successfully held in Nanjing Jiangbei New District Industrial Technology Research and Innovation Park. The event was hosted by the Science and Technology Innovation Bureau of Nanjing Jiangbei New Area Management Committee, Nanjing Jiangbei New Area Industrial Technology Research and Innovation Park, Nanjing Intellectual Property Rights Protection Assistance Center Jiangbei New District Center, Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Consultant Co., Ltd., Nanjing Intellectual Property Co-organized by the Protection Center (Nanjing Intellectual Property Rights Protection Assistance Center), Taiwan Pharmaceutical Development Association, and Gene Online. The director of Nanjing Intellectual Property Protection Center, Mou Xiaojian, delivered a speech. Director Mu expressed his warm congratulations on the holding of this event and introduced in detail the new pattern of intellectual property protection in Nanjing. He said: At present, Nanjing has implemented a rights protection assistance network in the municipal area. With full coverage, Nanjing Intellectual Property Protection Center is willing to closely communicate and interact with Nanjing's innovation entities, and provide relevant public welfare services such as rapid pre-review, rapid rights protection, and comprehensive utilization for enterprises in need. In addition, Huang Funan, CEO of Gene Online, was unable to come to congratulate due to the epidemic, and recorded a congratulatory video. In the video, he said: China Innovative Pharmaceuticals has already made many outstanding achievements on the international stage, and these are inseparable from intellectual property rights. The support of the company can also show the importance of intellectual property rights to biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. This event invites four industry experts to focus on China's reform measures related to intellectual property rights and new trends in patent litigation, discuss with companies and universities, and make arrangements in advance. Dr. Qingchen Hou, general manager of Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Consulting Co., Ltd., introduced the "Guidelines for Building a Powerful Country with Intellectual Property Rights (2021-2035)" and explained his views from four aspects: background, strategic layout, overall requirements, and organizational guarantees. . Subsequently, a detailed analysis of China's patent linkage system was carried out, and compared with the same types of cases at home and abroad, questions were raised: Why should we reward the first person who successfully challenged patents? Not the first person to file a P4 application? And have a series of discussions with you. Director Jiang Haijun of the Intellectual Property Protection Legal Committee of the Nanjing Lawyers Association gave a speech on three points: the problems after the amendment of the patent law, the enforceability of the amount of compensation, and the legal conflicts related to service inventions. Regarding the patent right evaluation report, he emphasized that the patentee, interested party or accused infringer can also proactively issue a patent right evaluation report. "Patent is a work of art that combines technology and law" is a message shared by Mr. Feng Tao from Jiangsu Junbo Law Firm at this event. Mr. Feng analyzes the big data of Chinese patent litigation cases through graphs and examples. Explore. The last topic of the event was shared by Guo Huangying, Intellectual Property Manager of Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Agency (General Partnership)-China's Patent Infringement Judgment Principles and New Developments. Manager Guo explained to everyone the principles of patent infringement judgment and the necessity of patent infringement search and analysis before producing and selling products. In the intellectual property industry, ECCOM has been providing high-quality and professional comprehensive intellectual property services to enterprises and universities one step at a time. It also hopes that under the leadership of the state and the government, it will contribute to the building of a strong intellectual property nation in China. Make a contribution.
2021-10-22
Types

Types of patents that are easily overlooked- Design Patent

Types of patents that are easily overlooked- Design Patent In recent years, as the public’s awareness of intellectual property has increased, people have begun to consciously use the patent law to protect their intellectual property rights. However, in the process of implementation, they often only focus on invention patent and utility model patent, and tend to ignore the protection of design patent. Recently, Midea sued Haotaitai for two models of CXW-300-D998 and CXW-300-D908 Haotaitai brand range hoods In the case of suspected infringement of its design patent (patent number: ZL201930621598.X), the Guangzhou Intellectual Property Court made a first-instance judgment after hearing that it determined that the two products of Haotaitai constituted infringement, and ordered it to immediately stop the infringement and compensate Midea, The company's economic losses and reasonable expenses totaled 360,000 yuan. In fact, appearance infringement cases have occurred from time to time before, such as: "Molly" blind box design patent case, "Siemens" switch design patent infringement dispute case received a compensation of 6 million yuan, three Casio watch design patents were infringed Received a compensation of 8.8 million yuan and so on. The reason why people ignore the protection of design patents, in the final analysis, is that they have insufficient knowledge of design patents. Today, let's take a look at what is protected by design patents and what rights protections can we apply for? Design patent definition: Article 2 of the "Patent Law", design patent, refers to a new design that is aesthetically pleasing and suitable for industrial applications based on the shape, pattern, or combination of products, and the combination of color, shape, and pattern. Protected range: The shape of the product; the pattern of the product; the shape and pattern of the product; the shape and color of the product; the pattern and color of the product; the shape, pattern and color of the product. Protection period: The term of protection for design patent rights is 15 years, calculated from the date of filing. What are the conditions for applying for a design patent? The design should be aesthetically pleasing Appearance patents should be suitable for industrial applications The design patent application should be novel The design patent application should be inventiveness What are the advantages and functions of design patents? Protect the rights and interests of enterprises in product designs and fight against infringements in market competition. To enhance brand value, the quality and quantity of patents are the embodiment of the company's innovation ability and core competitiveness. Receive consumer recognition. If a company's new product appearance is filed for a patent in a timely manner, its appearance design will enjoy the exclusive right. Nowadays, consumers often choose products with trendy and beautiful appearance when buying their products. Applying for a design patent is a necessary condition for applying for a high-tech enterprise.
2021-09-26
Colopl

Colopl Settles Patent Infringement Lawsuit with Nintendo by Paying $30 Million

Colopl Settles Patent Infringement Lawsuit with Nintendo by Paying $30 Million   This August, Nintendo and a game developer Colopl announced that they have settled for patent infringement regarding White Cat Project (Shironeko Project in Japanese), a smartphone game developed by Colopl. Although both companies did not publicly share exact details of the settlement, at least it is sure that Colopl agreed to pay 3.3 billion yen (about US$30.2 million) as the settlement fee for the proceedings, including the future license of Nintendo's patents.    How did the battle begin?  Being developed and published by a Japanese game developer, Colopl, White Cat Project is a free-to-play action role-playing game for Android and iOS systems. The mobile game was launched in July 2014 as well as got a television anime adaptation in 2020. It is incredibly popular to have more than 50 million downloads. Furthermore, the game is set to receive a Switch version titled "Shironeko New Project".    In September 2016, Nintendo noted the Colopl's game and considered that the game had infringed on several of Nintendo's technology patents. The two companies communicated with each other for over a year; however, Nintendo did not accept the explanations from Colopl, and Nintendo filed a lawsuit against Colopl at the beginning of 2018.    Nintendo claimed that Colopl infringed 6 of its patents. These patents protect touch-screen joystick functionality (patent no. JP3734820), multiplayer connectivity (patent no. JP5595991, JP6271692), confirmation screens in sleep mode (patent no. JP4010533), character attacks based on touch input locations (patent no. JP4262217), and a shadow effect placed on characters hidden behind the game geometry (patent no. JP3637031).   These patents almost cover various ways of game technology, especially the patent  JP5595991 and JP6271692. Their patent family is wide-reaching, and many divisional applications of the family are pending in Japan. They protect a communication game system and its related devices. It is not easy to detect the patent's existence and boundary since this kind of hardcore technique is so common in the gaming field and our daily lives.     The five-year patent war has been settled.  After a five-year dispute, the situation appeared to turn in Nintendo's favor as the Switch maker increased its monetary demands, which convinced Colopl to strike a deal that lets it use the disputed patents. Furthermore, a Switch version of White Cat Project remains in the works at Colopl.    With the extraordinary losses of Colopl, the legal battle between the two companies came to an end.  
2021-09-09
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