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美国专利史之:反垄断带给施乐的创新悲剧

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  • Time of issue:2016-09-02 16:13
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(Summary description)南京华讯报:由于政府反对专利垄断的立场,很多美国公司不再将专利作为重要的竞争工具,而是看成浪费惊人的生产成本。在这一段时间,专利权不再作为进攻性商业工具投入使用。相反,专利权在很大程度上仅被看作防御性的法律保护盾牌,其角色恰好相当于美苏冷战时期的核武库:也就是说,这些专利权只具有防御性的功能,并且永远都不会被派上用场。  施乐公司是美国最大的创新公司之一。公司源于纽约市一个专利事务律师和业余发明家

美国专利史之:反垄断带给施乐的创新悲剧

(Summary description)南京华讯报:由于政府反对专利垄断的立场,很多美国公司不再将专利作为重要的竞争工具,而是看成浪费惊人的生产成本。在这一段时间,专利权不再作为进攻性商业工具投入使用。相反,专利权在很大程度上仅被看作防御性的法律保护盾牌,其角色恰好相当于美苏冷战时期的核武库:也就是说,这些专利权只具有防御性的功能,并且永远都不会被派上用场。  施乐公司是美国最大的创新公司之一。公司源于纽约市一个专利事务律师和业余发明家

  • Categories:最新消息
  • Author:
  • Origin:
  • Time of issue:2016-09-02 16:13
  • Views:
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  南京华讯报:由于政府反对专利垄断的立场,很多美国公司不再将专利作为重要的竞争工具,而是看成浪费惊人的生产成本。在这一段时间,专利权不再作为进攻性商业工具投入使用。相反,专利权在很大程度上仅被看作防御性的法律保护盾牌,其角色恰好相当于美苏冷战时期的核武库:也就是说,这些专利权只具有防御性的功能,并且永远都不会被派上用场。

  施乐公司是美国最大的创新公司之一。公司源于纽约市一个专利事务律师和业余发明家切斯特·卡尔逊的创时代的发明。卡尔逊1938年在纽约的简易实验室中,首次成功地制作出了第一个静电复印图像。他用了几年的时间,试图出售这个发明专利,但未能成功。但当时大公司管理人员认为碳素复写纸已经普及, 复印机不会有什么市场。卡尔逊联系了20多家公司,包括IBM和通用电气公司,但这些企业都对他的发明毫无兴趣。1944年,卡尔逊得到了俄亥俄州的巴特尔研究院的资助,改进了这项被他叫做"电子图像复制技术" 的发明。

  1947年,纽约州罗彻斯特市一家生产相纸的哈罗依德公司获得了开发并销售卡尔逊发明的复印机的专利许可。卡尔逊和哈罗依德公司都认为"电子图像复制技术"这个词过于晦涩难懂。于是他们将其改为"静电复印术(xerography) "。哈罗依德公司又创造出了另一个单词"Xerox"(施乐)作为新的复印机的商标,此后公司也改名为施乐(1961年)。1948年,新的复印机产品推向了市场,取得了巨大的成功。施乐公司继续创新,又生产出了使用普通纸的自动办公复印机。在技术创新的过程中,施乐积累了大量的基础专利,用专利控制了复印机市场。

  在一个极度抵制专利的时代,施乐也难得例外,1975年,施乐公司在联邦贸易委员会的命令之下被迫签署了一份协议书,该协议书要求施乐必须向一切需要静电印刷术专利的企业提供专利许可证。结果,一大批价格更低的名叫津波(Tsunami)的日本复印机潮水般地涌入了美国市场。因此,施乐在复印机市场的领先地位很快成了历史。自签署了协定书后,施乐申请任何专利权时都疑虑重重,举棋不定。

  施乐在1970年创建了帕洛阿图研究中心(即PARC),是那个时代的重要的企业研究中心。施乐的管理层为研究中心营造了最宽松的研究环境,负责人鲍勃·泰勒(Bob Taylor)利用扁平的组织结构创造出了充满活力的研究氛围,这吸引了当时美国最优秀科学家。泰勒说:”我们只招收那些眼睛里有火焰在跳动的人”,据说当时美国最优秀的100位电脑科学家里,有76位在中心。研究中心的研究人员与施乐公司古板的企业文化格格不入。他们蓄长发、不洗澡、不穿鞋子上班,而且每周都会在所谓的“豆袋房”里举行会议,所有的参会者都会用塞满豆子的口袋当坐垫。借助于打破常规的举止与怪诞的造型,中心的科学家们甚至登上了《滚石》 (Rolling Stone)杂志的封面。

  施乐创建PARC的理由很简单,“施乐和IBM是信息行业里仅有的两个大公司。IBM占据可操纵性数据处理的市场,我们的特长则在于把信息付诸纸上。” 当时施乐公司的CEO打算为公司的未来创建“信息建筑师”,他雄心勃勃地说,“在70年代的某个时候,我们将有能力对大顾客说:‘施乐能为您提供所有处理信息的工具。’其中就包括数据处理器。”因此,PARC把研究重点放在了计算机技术的研究上。从此,一个备受世界尊敬的实验室和一大批伟大的发明都和施乐紧紧联系在了一起。

  直到现在许多人还认为,施乐的PARC就是电脑研究者的天堂,它吸引了大量来自世界各地的物理学家、工程师、计算机开发人员、认知生理学家、音响工程师、机械师等等,大多数研究人员都是临时性的,创新是他们的唯一目的。简直就是一个“乌托邦一般的技术王国”。

  现在人们日常应用的很多技术都出自PARC,其成果的实际意义已经远远超出了施乐高层原先的设想。世界首台个人计算机Alto、个人分布计算、具有下拉菜单和窗口堆叠功能的图形用户界面、第一个商用鼠标、位映射显示、以太网、C/S架构、面向对象的流程、语音压缩技术、所见即所得技术、专家系统、激光打印技术以及许多互联网上的基本通信协议、信息可视化技术、页面描述语言等等,这是一份令所有人肃然起敬的成绩单。

  帕洛阿图研究中心源源不断地创造了大量的计算机软硬件及网络的革新技术,但施乐公司在联邦贸易委员会的命令之下签署的那份协议书耽误了施乐的前程。

  例如,早在1979年,施乐公司就已经发明了图形用户界面技术,但因为成本等各方面的考虑,最后决定不申请专利。很快,该项技术构成了苹果麦金塔和微软 Windows个人电脑操作系统的基础。当时从事这项发明的一名研究人员回忆说:“在PARC工作的所有同事都非常推崇图形用户界面,但是管理层却对之置若罔闻——他们是复印机时代的人物,看不出当时小小的PC市场有多大的发展机会。”

  一位施乐公司专利律师说,施乐公司本来已经初定要为其图形用户界面的一些技术申请专利权,其中包括下拉式菜单、弹出式对话框以及大小可以改变的窗口所有这些技术。一次非常关键的发明展示会否决了这个决定。很明显,1975年联邦贸易委员会(FTC)的协定是抑制该公司申请专利权的一大因素,施乐公司自身也低估了图形用户界面的重大意义。

  当然,假使施乐公司当时决定正确,申请了图形用户界面专利权,那么即便保守一点估计,即仅抽取销售额1%的特许使用费,施乐公司在1984年至1998年(此时专利权申请期限已满)期间,从麦金塔和Windows操作系统软件中获取的专利许可费收入也可达5亿美元。

Electronic

Electronic Arts pledges free use for five accessibility patents

Electronic Arts pledges free use for five accessibility patents Recently, Electronic Arts (EA) announced a patent pledge that gives other companies and developers free access to five of its current accessibility-related patents and technology. The company promised not to enforce against any party for infringing any of the listed patents. Instead, EA hopes to encourage “innovation” and build new features that make video games more inclusive on a much larger scale by opening up the patents.  Electronic Arts (EA) is an American video game company founded in 1982. The company owns many popular and famous games, such as The Sims, SimCity, Apex Legends, Madden NFL and FIFA. Each of the games has more than 30 or 50 million sales volume. Significantly, esports involves FIFA and Apex Legends into the event list. Apex Legends has up to 1 billion players, and it is so popular that it has a Switch version. Within the freely available patents, one of which grabs everyone’s attention -- Apex Legends’ ping system (patent No. US 11097189). The ping system in Apex Legends, which excellently allows players to make communication and teamwork quick and easy without hearing or speaking, has been praised both as an impressive alternative to voice chat and as a great accessibility feature for players with a variety of disabilities.  The other patents include the technology widely used in the FIFA and Madden NFL. The innovations can automatically detect and modify colors (patent No. US 10118097 and CN 107694092) and contrast ratios (patent No. US 10878540) to improve gamers’ visibility with colorblindness and low vision. Furthermore, one of the patents relates to personalized sound technology, helping players with hearing issues by modifying or creating music based on their preferences (patent No. US 10790919).   The code of the mentioned technology is published on EA’s GitHub, and it is open to all developers. Thus, the developers can use it or adapt it for their games without spending the costs to research. It is good that EA shares the patents for free use and aims to create an accessibility-increased gaming environment for players. However, it is not “unconditional” to use the listed patents. In the pledge, EA mentioned that it may terminate the promise for a specific party which files a patent infringement lawsuit or other patent proceedings against EA. We can see parts of EV’s ambition behind the announcement—to build a large game developer league and a community of shared interests.     Reference: https://www.ea.com/commitments/positive-play/accessibility-patent-pledge https://iknow.stpi.narl.org.tw/Post/Read.aspx?PostID=14562 https://www.polygon.com/22639469/apex-legends-electronic-arts-patent-pledge-accessibility-developers https://www.theverge.com/2021/8/24/22638535/ea-accessibility-patent-pledge-apex-legends-ping-system https://www.gamesradar.com/ea-secures-a-patent-for-the-apex-legends-ping-system-and-its-giving-it-away-for-free/ https://dotesports.com/apex-legends/news/apex-legends-ping-system-is-now-patent-free-for-accessibility https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2021/08/apex_legends_ping_system_now_patent-free_as_ea_announces_accessibility_pledge Recently, Electronic Arts (EA) announced a patent pledge that gives other companies and developers free access to five of its current accessibility-related patents and technology. The company promised not to enforce against any party for infringing any of the listed patents. Instead, EA hopes to encourage “innovation” and build new features that make video games more inclusive on a much larger scale by opening up the patents.    Electronic Arts (EA) is an American video game company founded in 1982. The company owns many popular and famous games, such as The Sims, SimCity, Apex Legends, Madden NFL and FIFA. Each of the games has more than 30 or 50 million sales volume. Significantly, esports involves FIFA and Apex Legends into the event list. Apex Legends has up to 1 billion players, and it is so popular that it has a Switch version.   Within the freely available patents, one of which grabs everyone’s attention -- Apex Legends’ ping system (patent No. US 11097189). The ping system in Apex Legends, which excellently allows players to make communication and teamwork quick and easy without hearing or speaking, has been praised both as an impressive alternative to voice chat and as a great accessibility feature for players with a variety of disabilities.    The other patents include the technology widely used in the FIFA and Madden NFL. The innovations can automatically detect and modify colors (patent No. US 10118097 and CN 107694092) and contrast ratios (patent No. US 10878540) to improve gamers’ visibility with colorblindness and low vision. Furthermore, one of the patents relates to personalized sound technology, helping players with hearing issues by modifying or creating music based on their preferences (patent No. US 10790919).   The
2021-10-22
The

The forum on "China's Intellectual Property-related Reform Measures and New Trends in Patent Litigation" will be held successfully!

The forum on "China's Intellectual Property-related Reform Measures and New Trends in Patent Litigation" will be held successfully! In response to the call for building a strong country with intellectual property rights, at 2 o'clock in the afternoon of October 21, the forum on "China's reform measures related to intellectual property rights and new trends in patent litigation" will be successfully held in Nanjing Jiangbei New District Industrial Technology Research and Innovation Park. The event was hosted by the Science and Technology Innovation Bureau of Nanjing Jiangbei New Area Management Committee, Nanjing Jiangbei New Area Industrial Technology Research and Innovation Park, Nanjing Intellectual Property Rights Protection Assistance Center Jiangbei New District Center, Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Consultant Co., Ltd., Nanjing Intellectual Property Co-organized by the Protection Center (Nanjing Intellectual Property Rights Protection Assistance Center), Taiwan Pharmaceutical Development Association, and Gene Online. The director of Nanjing Intellectual Property Protection Center, Mou Xiaojian, delivered a speech. Director Mu expressed his warm congratulations on the holding of this event and introduced in detail the new pattern of intellectual property protection in Nanjing. He said: At present, Nanjing has implemented a rights protection assistance network in the municipal area. With full coverage, Nanjing Intellectual Property Protection Center is willing to closely communicate and interact with Nanjing's innovation entities, and provide relevant public welfare services such as rapid pre-review, rapid rights protection, and comprehensive utilization for enterprises in need. In addition, Huang Funan, CEO of Gene Online, was unable to come to congratulate due to the epidemic, and recorded a congratulatory video. In the video, he said: China Innovative Pharmaceuticals has already made many outstanding achievements on the international stage, and these are inseparable from intellectual property rights. The support of the company can also show the importance of intellectual property rights to biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. This event invites four industry experts to focus on China's reform measures related to intellectual property rights and new trends in patent litigation, discuss with companies and universities, and make arrangements in advance. Dr. Qingchen Hou, general manager of Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Consulting Co., Ltd., introduced the "Guidelines for Building a Powerful Country with Intellectual Property Rights (2021-2035)" and explained his views from four aspects: background, strategic layout, overall requirements, and organizational guarantees. . Subsequently, a detailed analysis of China's patent linkage system was carried out, and compared with the same types of cases at home and abroad, questions were raised: Why should we reward the first person who successfully challenged patents? Not the first person to file a P4 application? And have a series of discussions with you. Director Jiang Haijun of the Intellectual Property Protection Legal Committee of the Nanjing Lawyers Association gave a speech on three points: the problems after the amendment of the patent law, the enforceability of the amount of compensation, and the legal conflicts related to service inventions. Regarding the patent right evaluation report, he emphasized that the patentee, interested party or accused infringer can also proactively issue a patent right evaluation report. "Patent is a work of art that combines technology and law" is a message shared by Mr. Feng Tao from Jiangsu Junbo Law Firm at this event. Mr. Feng analyzes the big data of Chinese patent litigation cases through graphs and examples. Explore. The last topic of the event was shared by Guo Huangying, Intellectual Property Manager of Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Agency (General Partnership)-China's Patent Infringement Judgment Principles and New Developments. Manager Guo explained to everyone the principles of patent infringement judgment and the necessity of patent infringement search and analysis before producing and selling products. In the intellectual property industry, ECCOM has been providing high-quality and professional comprehensive intellectual property services to enterprises and universities one step at a time. It also hopes that under the leadership of the state and the government, it will contribute to the building of a strong intellectual property nation in China. Make a contribution.
2021-10-22
Types

Types of patents that are easily overlooked- Design Patent

Types of patents that are easily overlooked- Design Patent In recent years, as the public’s awareness of intellectual property has increased, people have begun to consciously use the patent law to protect their intellectual property rights. However, in the process of implementation, they often only focus on invention patent and utility model patent, and tend to ignore the protection of design patent. Recently, Midea sued Haotaitai for two models of CXW-300-D998 and CXW-300-D908 Haotaitai brand range hoods In the case of suspected infringement of its design patent (patent number: ZL201930621598.X), the Guangzhou Intellectual Property Court made a first-instance judgment after hearing that it determined that the two products of Haotaitai constituted infringement, and ordered it to immediately stop the infringement and compensate Midea, The company's economic losses and reasonable expenses totaled 360,000 yuan. In fact, appearance infringement cases have occurred from time to time before, such as: "Molly" blind box design patent case, "Siemens" switch design patent infringement dispute case received a compensation of 6 million yuan, three Casio watch design patents were infringed Received a compensation of 8.8 million yuan and so on. The reason why people ignore the protection of design patents, in the final analysis, is that they have insufficient knowledge of design patents. Today, let's take a look at what is protected by design patents and what rights protections can we apply for? Design patent definition: Article 2 of the "Patent Law", design patent, refers to a new design that is aesthetically pleasing and suitable for industrial applications based on the shape, pattern, or combination of products, and the combination of color, shape, and pattern. Protected range: The shape of the product; the pattern of the product; the shape and pattern of the product; the shape and color of the product; the pattern and color of the product; the shape, pattern and color of the product. Protection period: The term of protection for design patent rights is 15 years, calculated from the date of filing. What are the conditions for applying for a design patent? The design should be aesthetically pleasing Appearance patents should be suitable for industrial applications The design patent application should be novel The design patent application should be inventiveness What are the advantages and functions of design patents? Protect the rights and interests of enterprises in product designs and fight against infringements in market competition. To enhance brand value, the quality and quantity of patents are the embodiment of the company's innovation ability and core competitiveness. Receive consumer recognition. If a company's new product appearance is filed for a patent in a timely manner, its appearance design will enjoy the exclusive right. Nowadays, consumers often choose products with trendy and beautiful appearance when buying their products. Applying for a design patent is a necessary condition for applying for a high-tech enterprise.
2021-09-26
Colopl

Colopl Settles Patent Infringement Lawsuit with Nintendo by Paying $30 Million

Colopl Settles Patent Infringement Lawsuit with Nintendo by Paying $30 Million   This August, Nintendo and a game developer Colopl announced that they have settled for patent infringement regarding White Cat Project (Shironeko Project in Japanese), a smartphone game developed by Colopl. Although both companies did not publicly share exact details of the settlement, at least it is sure that Colopl agreed to pay 3.3 billion yen (about US$30.2 million) as the settlement fee for the proceedings, including the future license of Nintendo's patents.    How did the battle begin?  Being developed and published by a Japanese game developer, Colopl, White Cat Project is a free-to-play action role-playing game for Android and iOS systems. The mobile game was launched in July 2014 as well as got a television anime adaptation in 2020. It is incredibly popular to have more than 50 million downloads. Furthermore, the game is set to receive a Switch version titled "Shironeko New Project".    In September 2016, Nintendo noted the Colopl's game and considered that the game had infringed on several of Nintendo's technology patents. The two companies communicated with each other for over a year; however, Nintendo did not accept the explanations from Colopl, and Nintendo filed a lawsuit against Colopl at the beginning of 2018.    Nintendo claimed that Colopl infringed 6 of its patents. These patents protect touch-screen joystick functionality (patent no. JP3734820), multiplayer connectivity (patent no. JP5595991, JP6271692), confirmation screens in sleep mode (patent no. JP4010533), character attacks based on touch input locations (patent no. JP4262217), and a shadow effect placed on characters hidden behind the game geometry (patent no. JP3637031).   These patents almost cover various ways of game technology, especially the patent  JP5595991 and JP6271692. Their patent family is wide-reaching, and many divisional applications of the family are pending in Japan. They protect a communication game system and its related devices. It is not easy to detect the patent's existence and boundary since this kind of hardcore technique is so common in the gaming field and our daily lives.     The five-year patent war has been settled.  After a five-year dispute, the situation appeared to turn in Nintendo's favor as the Switch maker increased its monetary demands, which convinced Colopl to strike a deal that lets it use the disputed patents. Furthermore, a Switch version of White Cat Project remains in the works at Colopl.    With the extraordinary losses of Colopl, the legal battle between the two companies came to an end.  
2021-09-09
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