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美国专利史之:平民的专利权

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  • Time of issue:2016-08-24 16:23
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(Summary description)美国的专利法本身就是一个开天辟地的创造,是一场创新的革命,解放了美国大众的创新潜力,使得美国在短短的一百年内成为世界经济的火车头。  1、平民的专利权  专利制度在美国已有200多年历史,是美国梦的一部分,深入美国人的生活基础。贯穿美国专利制度的是对发明人的尊重和保护,在美国历史上,购买、销售和行权专利一直是美国经济成功的基础。  专利制度历史悠久,源于中世纪的行会活动。财政困难时,英国国王就会对

美国专利史之:平民的专利权

(Summary description)美国的专利法本身就是一个开天辟地的创造,是一场创新的革命,解放了美国大众的创新潜力,使得美国在短短的一百年内成为世界经济的火车头。  1、平民的专利权  专利制度在美国已有200多年历史,是美国梦的一部分,深入美国人的生活基础。贯穿美国专利制度的是对发明人的尊重和保护,在美国历史上,购买、销售和行权专利一直是美国经济成功的基础。  专利制度历史悠久,源于中世纪的行会活动。财政困难时,英国国王就会对

  • Categories:最新消息
  • Author:
  • Origin:
  • Time of issue:2016-08-24 16:23
  • Views:
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  美国的专利法本身就是一个开天辟地的创造,是一场创新的革命,解放了美国大众的创新潜力,使得美国在短短的一百年内成为世界经济的火车头。

  1、平民的专利权

  专利制度在美国已有200多年历史,是美国梦的一部分,深入美国人的生活基础。贯穿美国专利制度的是对发明人的尊重和保护,在美国历史上,购买、销售和行权专利一直是美国经济成功的基础。

  专利制度历史悠久,源于中世纪的行会活动。财政困难时,英国国王就会对对特定行业的特定商品授予专利权,收取高额“专利费”以提高收入。1624年的垄断法案废止了国王授予的一般专利权,但保留了授予发明人的特殊的专利权,由此演化出现代的专利制度。英国的这种专利授权保留了很多王室特权特征,这种状态一直延续到19世纪。在这种机制下,专利权被视作国王的恩惠,申请人必须获得一系列不同官员的支持,然后国王签字,整个过程没有透明可言,申请费也非常高。英国专利系统的另一个弊端是在专利失效前限制社会获得专利说明书,对专利申请人是否是发明人也不关注,英国和其他大部分欧洲国家在19世纪经常授予引进技术的人以专利权,这就使得专利和创新关系并不直接,起不到创新驱动的作用。更重要的是,在当时的英国,发明人获得专利前必须要制造自己的专利产品,结果是只有有钱人才能获得专利授权。

  在美国独立前,英国国王享有美洲殖民地创造的一切知识产权,美国人的创新得不到制度的保障。美国的国父们认识到,要使美国成为机会的土地,每个美国人必须能够获得、许可、出售专利,不管他们的财富和地位如何,只有这样才能促进美国创新活动,改变对美国不利的国际分工格局。

  在建国时,美国还是一个落后的农业经济体,没有活跃的国内工业,工业产品几乎完全依靠进口。根据经济历史学家的研究,当时美国的生活水平不但不能比肩欧洲,甚至低于几乎所有南美国家。在创造民主管理机制的同时,国父们当时还面临解放美国公民潜在创造力和促进生产力发展的重要任务,以对抗前宗主国英国的经济封锁。1787年,杰斐逊在给女儿的信中表示,因为美国被剥夺了从英国进口技术的权利,所以要自力更生,“我们有责任发明和实施制造,为自己找到办法,不去依靠别人。”

  国父们研究了当时比较先进的英国专利系统,他们了解到英国专利费是普通英国公民个人平均年收入的11倍,专利权人被要求实施自己的专利——根据自己的发明制造产品。高昂的专利费和实施要求限制了英国的创新活动,只有少数有工厂或者有建厂能力的富人才能获得专利。工人阶级被排除出创新活动。可笑的是,这一缺陷还被英国的国会看做是英国专利系统的优点。高费率和实施要求将创新活动引导到资本密集型产业,而不是破坏式创新的新产业,而后者才会引起经济的极大发展。

  美国的国父们认为,英国的专利架构对美国不起作用,美国除自然资源外所有的资产就是富于进取心和事业心的国民。与英国僵化的阶级社会主要组成部分的佃农和工人不同,大部分美国人是拥有小农场的自由民、商人、店主、手工业者和工程机械师,就是现在所说的中产阶级的先驱。他们普遍做着“美国梦”,充满向上层社会拼搏的野心。为了很快发展创造新的美国经济体,美国国父们自觉地尝试着设计一种不同于英国人的专利系统,以激励普通人的创新天分和企业家潜能。简单说,他们要做的就是努力扩大创新者队伍,吸引尽量多的人参与创新活动,包括没有钱商品化自己发明成果的创新无产者。

  1789年美国《宪法》第1条第8款第8项规定:“促进科学和实用技术的进步,赋予作者和发明人在有限时间内对其作品或是发明享有独占权。”从而确立了专利制度的立法基础。1790年美国第一部专利法——《促进实用技术进步法案》由华盛顿总统签署。该法案确立了“足够实用和足够重要”的专利授权标准,同时规定由国务卿、主管国防事务的陆军部长和最高法院法官组成的小组负责专利审查和授权。

  新的专利系统与英国专利系统区别很大。首先,美国专利系统确定了一般公民能够负担得起的专利费,只有英国专利费的5%,以确保任何发明人都有财力申请专利。第二,新专利系统不给专利权人增加实施要求。为了刺激创新者产生新的技术,美国专利法要求申请人是第一个和真正的发明人。第三,为了创新共享,该法规定专利的说明书在授权时就向社会公开,以此加快技术知识的扩散。第四,该法明确规定专利权的许可和出售,创造了世界上第一个新技术的许可产业和第一个专利交易市场。

  美国专利法加强了专利体系的创新效率,大大促进了美国的创新活动和技术商品化过程。受到低申请成本和相对快速先进的行权机制的鼓励,美国发明人从一开始就对专利充满热情。到1810年,美国人均专利持有量就超过了英国,美国的创新活动进入良性循环,好形势贯穿了整个19世纪。

  美国专利法颁布 13年后,杰斐逊总结道:专利法对创新的促进超出了我的想象。

  当时,英国的数百发明人都来自特权阶级,美国的数以万计的发明家大多数都出生贫寒,他们是农民、工人、商人、机械师和手工业者。美国19世纪早期的160多名伟大的发明家中,百分之七十多只接受过小学或者中学教育,一半没有接受或者很少接受正规的学校教育。美国创新史上大名鼎鼎的马提亚﹒鲍尔温(火车头)、乔治﹒伊斯曼(感光胶卷)、伊莱亚斯﹒豪(缝纫机)、爱迪生等等都在年龄很小时就被迫离开学校养家糊口。可见,英国的创新是贵族或者有钱人的创新,美国的创新才是真正的“大众创新”。

  美国专利法的整体设计使得美国成千上万的有技术创新天赋的无产者发家致富。发明变成了可以养家糊口的职业。有了美国的专利法设计,爱迪生才有可能从一个贫穷的报童变成企业主。美国很快变成了小发明人的天堂,越来越多的公民发现他们能够通过解决一些农业和工业问题的小发明来养家糊口。创新致富成立美国梦的重要组成部分,光荣与梦想与创新发生了直接的关系。

  美国的人均专利申请率,公民成为发明人的比率飙升。到南北战争(1861年-1865年)时,美国人均专利申请率已经达到英国的三倍,而且每个专利权人都比英国的同行多产。到1885年,美国人均专利申请率达到英国的四倍,而且其中大约85%的专利都能许可出去,转化为商品。

  可以说,美国专利机制建设是美国国父们自觉自愿的制度创新和制度革命。他们的努力产生了人类历史上第一个现代专利制度。美国国父们知道这种平等主义将创造一个世界上没有过的创新系统,200多年的立国史证明了他们是正确的。

  19世纪70年代,美国作为一个经济大国,正从西半球昂扬崛起,创造了一个强国发展的奇迹。至19世纪80年代,美国的经济已居世界第一。在这个经济飞跃的过程中,专利主导的创新机制发挥了巨大的作用。 美国成了人类历史上第一个创新驱动发展的经济体。

Electronic

Electronic Arts pledges free use for five accessibility patents

Electronic Arts pledges free use for five accessibility patents Recently, Electronic Arts (EA) announced a patent pledge that gives other companies and developers free access to five of its current accessibility-related patents and technology. The company promised not to enforce against any party for infringing any of the listed patents. Instead, EA hopes to encourage “innovation” and build new features that make video games more inclusive on a much larger scale by opening up the patents.  Electronic Arts (EA) is an American video game company founded in 1982. The company owns many popular and famous games, such as The Sims, SimCity, Apex Legends, Madden NFL and FIFA. Each of the games has more than 30 or 50 million sales volume. Significantly, esports involves FIFA and Apex Legends into the event list. Apex Legends has up to 1 billion players, and it is so popular that it has a Switch version. Within the freely available patents, one of which grabs everyone’s attention -- Apex Legends’ ping system (patent No. US 11097189). The ping system in Apex Legends, which excellently allows players to make communication and teamwork quick and easy without hearing or speaking, has been praised both as an impressive alternative to voice chat and as a great accessibility feature for players with a variety of disabilities.  The other patents include the technology widely used in the FIFA and Madden NFL. The innovations can automatically detect and modify colors (patent No. US 10118097 and CN 107694092) and contrast ratios (patent No. US 10878540) to improve gamers’ visibility with colorblindness and low vision. Furthermore, one of the patents relates to personalized sound technology, helping players with hearing issues by modifying or creating music based on their preferences (patent No. US 10790919).   The code of the mentioned technology is published on EA’s GitHub, and it is open to all developers. Thus, the developers can use it or adapt it for their games without spending the costs to research. It is good that EA shares the patents for free use and aims to create an accessibility-increased gaming environment for players. However, it is not “unconditional” to use the listed patents. In the pledge, EA mentioned that it may terminate the promise for a specific party which files a patent infringement lawsuit or other patent proceedings against EA. We can see parts of EV’s ambition behind the announcement—to build a large game developer league and a community of shared interests.     Reference: https://www.ea.com/commitments/positive-play/accessibility-patent-pledge https://iknow.stpi.narl.org.tw/Post/Read.aspx?PostID=14562 https://www.polygon.com/22639469/apex-legends-electronic-arts-patent-pledge-accessibility-developers https://www.theverge.com/2021/8/24/22638535/ea-accessibility-patent-pledge-apex-legends-ping-system https://www.gamesradar.com/ea-secures-a-patent-for-the-apex-legends-ping-system-and-its-giving-it-away-for-free/ https://dotesports.com/apex-legends/news/apex-legends-ping-system-is-now-patent-free-for-accessibility https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2021/08/apex_legends_ping_system_now_patent-free_as_ea_announces_accessibility_pledge Recently, Electronic Arts (EA) announced a patent pledge that gives other companies and developers free access to five of its current accessibility-related patents and technology. The company promised not to enforce against any party for infringing any of the listed patents. Instead, EA hopes to encourage “innovation” and build new features that make video games more inclusive on a much larger scale by opening up the patents.    Electronic Arts (EA) is an American video game company founded in 1982. The company owns many popular and famous games, such as The Sims, SimCity, Apex Legends, Madden NFL and FIFA. Each of the games has more than 30 or 50 million sales volume. Significantly, esports involves FIFA and Apex Legends into the event list. Apex Legends has up to 1 billion players, and it is so popular that it has a Switch version.   Within the freely available patents, one of which grabs everyone’s attention -- Apex Legends’ ping system (patent No. US 11097189). The ping system in Apex Legends, which excellently allows players to make communication and teamwork quick and easy without hearing or speaking, has been praised both as an impressive alternative to voice chat and as a great accessibility feature for players with a variety of disabilities.    The other patents include the technology widely used in the FIFA and Madden NFL. The innovations can automatically detect and modify colors (patent No. US 10118097 and CN 107694092) and contrast ratios (patent No. US 10878540) to improve gamers’ visibility with colorblindness and low vision. Furthermore, one of the patents relates to personalized sound technology, helping players with hearing issues by modifying or creating music based on their preferences (patent No. US 10790919).   The
2021-10-22
The

The forum on "China's Intellectual Property-related Reform Measures and New Trends in Patent Litigation" will be held successfully!

The forum on "China's Intellectual Property-related Reform Measures and New Trends in Patent Litigation" will be held successfully! In response to the call for building a strong country with intellectual property rights, at 2 o'clock in the afternoon of October 21, the forum on "China's reform measures related to intellectual property rights and new trends in patent litigation" will be successfully held in Nanjing Jiangbei New District Industrial Technology Research and Innovation Park. The event was hosted by the Science and Technology Innovation Bureau of Nanjing Jiangbei New Area Management Committee, Nanjing Jiangbei New Area Industrial Technology Research and Innovation Park, Nanjing Intellectual Property Rights Protection Assistance Center Jiangbei New District Center, Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Consultant Co., Ltd., Nanjing Intellectual Property Co-organized by the Protection Center (Nanjing Intellectual Property Rights Protection Assistance Center), Taiwan Pharmaceutical Development Association, and Gene Online. The director of Nanjing Intellectual Property Protection Center, Mou Xiaojian, delivered a speech. Director Mu expressed his warm congratulations on the holding of this event and introduced in detail the new pattern of intellectual property protection in Nanjing. He said: At present, Nanjing has implemented a rights protection assistance network in the municipal area. With full coverage, Nanjing Intellectual Property Protection Center is willing to closely communicate and interact with Nanjing's innovation entities, and provide relevant public welfare services such as rapid pre-review, rapid rights protection, and comprehensive utilization for enterprises in need. In addition, Huang Funan, CEO of Gene Online, was unable to come to congratulate due to the epidemic, and recorded a congratulatory video. In the video, he said: China Innovative Pharmaceuticals has already made many outstanding achievements on the international stage, and these are inseparable from intellectual property rights. The support of the company can also show the importance of intellectual property rights to biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. This event invites four industry experts to focus on China's reform measures related to intellectual property rights and new trends in patent litigation, discuss with companies and universities, and make arrangements in advance. Dr. Qingchen Hou, general manager of Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Consulting Co., Ltd., introduced the "Guidelines for Building a Powerful Country with Intellectual Property Rights (2021-2035)" and explained his views from four aspects: background, strategic layout, overall requirements, and organizational guarantees. . Subsequently, a detailed analysis of China's patent linkage system was carried out, and compared with the same types of cases at home and abroad, questions were raised: Why should we reward the first person who successfully challenged patents? Not the first person to file a P4 application? And have a series of discussions with you. Director Jiang Haijun of the Intellectual Property Protection Legal Committee of the Nanjing Lawyers Association gave a speech on three points: the problems after the amendment of the patent law, the enforceability of the amount of compensation, and the legal conflicts related to service inventions. Regarding the patent right evaluation report, he emphasized that the patentee, interested party or accused infringer can also proactively issue a patent right evaluation report. "Patent is a work of art that combines technology and law" is a message shared by Mr. Feng Tao from Jiangsu Junbo Law Firm at this event. Mr. Feng analyzes the big data of Chinese patent litigation cases through graphs and examples. Explore. The last topic of the event was shared by Guo Huangying, Intellectual Property Manager of Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Agency (General Partnership)-China's Patent Infringement Judgment Principles and New Developments. Manager Guo explained to everyone the principles of patent infringement judgment and the necessity of patent infringement search and analysis before producing and selling products. In the intellectual property industry, ECCOM has been providing high-quality and professional comprehensive intellectual property services to enterprises and universities one step at a time. It also hopes that under the leadership of the state and the government, it will contribute to the building of a strong intellectual property nation in China. Make a contribution.
2021-10-22
Types

Types of patents that are easily overlooked- Design Patent

Types of patents that are easily overlooked- Design Patent In recent years, as the public’s awareness of intellectual property has increased, people have begun to consciously use the patent law to protect their intellectual property rights. However, in the process of implementation, they often only focus on invention patent and utility model patent, and tend to ignore the protection of design patent. Recently, Midea sued Haotaitai for two models of CXW-300-D998 and CXW-300-D908 Haotaitai brand range hoods In the case of suspected infringement of its design patent (patent number: ZL201930621598.X), the Guangzhou Intellectual Property Court made a first-instance judgment after hearing that it determined that the two products of Haotaitai constituted infringement, and ordered it to immediately stop the infringement and compensate Midea, The company's economic losses and reasonable expenses totaled 360,000 yuan. In fact, appearance infringement cases have occurred from time to time before, such as: "Molly" blind box design patent case, "Siemens" switch design patent infringement dispute case received a compensation of 6 million yuan, three Casio watch design patents were infringed Received a compensation of 8.8 million yuan and so on. The reason why people ignore the protection of design patents, in the final analysis, is that they have insufficient knowledge of design patents. Today, let's take a look at what is protected by design patents and what rights protections can we apply for? Design patent definition: Article 2 of the "Patent Law", design patent, refers to a new design that is aesthetically pleasing and suitable for industrial applications based on the shape, pattern, or combination of products, and the combination of color, shape, and pattern. Protected range: The shape of the product; the pattern of the product; the shape and pattern of the product; the shape and color of the product; the pattern and color of the product; the shape, pattern and color of the product. Protection period: The term of protection for design patent rights is 15 years, calculated from the date of filing. What are the conditions for applying for a design patent? The design should be aesthetically pleasing Appearance patents should be suitable for industrial applications The design patent application should be novel The design patent application should be inventiveness What are the advantages and functions of design patents? Protect the rights and interests of enterprises in product designs and fight against infringements in market competition. To enhance brand value, the quality and quantity of patents are the embodiment of the company's innovation ability and core competitiveness. Receive consumer recognition. If a company's new product appearance is filed for a patent in a timely manner, its appearance design will enjoy the exclusive right. Nowadays, consumers often choose products with trendy and beautiful appearance when buying their products. Applying for a design patent is a necessary condition for applying for a high-tech enterprise.
2021-09-26
Colopl

Colopl Settles Patent Infringement Lawsuit with Nintendo by Paying $30 Million

Colopl Settles Patent Infringement Lawsuit with Nintendo by Paying $30 Million   This August, Nintendo and a game developer Colopl announced that they have settled for patent infringement regarding White Cat Project (Shironeko Project in Japanese), a smartphone game developed by Colopl. Although both companies did not publicly share exact details of the settlement, at least it is sure that Colopl agreed to pay 3.3 billion yen (about US$30.2 million) as the settlement fee for the proceedings, including the future license of Nintendo's patents.    How did the battle begin?  Being developed and published by a Japanese game developer, Colopl, White Cat Project is a free-to-play action role-playing game for Android and iOS systems. The mobile game was launched in July 2014 as well as got a television anime adaptation in 2020. It is incredibly popular to have more than 50 million downloads. Furthermore, the game is set to receive a Switch version titled "Shironeko New Project".    In September 2016, Nintendo noted the Colopl's game and considered that the game had infringed on several of Nintendo's technology patents. The two companies communicated with each other for over a year; however, Nintendo did not accept the explanations from Colopl, and Nintendo filed a lawsuit against Colopl at the beginning of 2018.    Nintendo claimed that Colopl infringed 6 of its patents. These patents protect touch-screen joystick functionality (patent no. JP3734820), multiplayer connectivity (patent no. JP5595991, JP6271692), confirmation screens in sleep mode (patent no. JP4010533), character attacks based on touch input locations (patent no. JP4262217), and a shadow effect placed on characters hidden behind the game geometry (patent no. JP3637031).   These patents almost cover various ways of game technology, especially the patent  JP5595991 and JP6271692. Their patent family is wide-reaching, and many divisional applications of the family are pending in Japan. They protect a communication game system and its related devices. It is not easy to detect the patent's existence and boundary since this kind of hardcore technique is so common in the gaming field and our daily lives.     The five-year patent war has been settled.  After a five-year dispute, the situation appeared to turn in Nintendo's favor as the Switch maker increased its monetary demands, which convinced Colopl to strike a deal that lets it use the disputed patents. Furthermore, a Switch version of White Cat Project remains in the works at Colopl.    With the extraordinary losses of Colopl, the legal battle between the two companies came to an end.  
2021-09-09
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