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创新药专利布局战略

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  • Time of issue:2018-08-24 12:06
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(Summary description)一颗药物的价值可以用药价(Price)、销售量(Volume)与销售期间(Time)的乘积来衡量,而专利对这三个因素的影响可说是至关重要,毕竟在专利权有效期间内,药品才有独占的利益,之后就得面临学名药的竞争,药价跟销售量都会受影响。

创新药专利布局战略

(Summary description)一颗药物的价值可以用药价(Price)、销售量(Volume)与销售期间(Time)的乘积来衡量,而专利对这三个因素的影响可说是至关重要,毕竟在专利权有效期间内,药品才有独占的利益,之后就得面临学名药的竞争,药价跟销售量都会受影响。

  • Categories:最新消息
  • Author:
  • Origin:
  • Time of issue:2018-08-24 12:06
  • Views:
Information

一颗药物的价值可以用药价(Price)、销售量(Volume)与销售期间(Time)的乘积来衡量,而专利对这三个因素的影响可说是至关重要,毕竟在专利权有效期间内,药品才有独占的利益,之后就得面临学名药的竞争,药价跟销售量都会受影响。

 

专利保护与延期制度

在医药界,许多人都觉得等到要申请临床试验时再一起申请专利就好,事实上,与其他领域不同,创新药开发周期较长,需要经分子筛选、药学研究、1-3期临床、上市申请等过程才能获批,由于项目后期开发过程中介入人员较多,为了防止技术信息泄露,化合物专利需要在研发早期阶段开始对可能的成分以及用途进行较为宽广、概括式的保护,进入前临床时期,再对特定的化学结构体、药物运作机制、施用方法等加强保护。当充分平衡早期申请(上市后保护期限较短)及晚期申请(技术泄露风险高)的利弊之后,通常化合物专利在一期临床试验启动前提出申请,说明书至少要公开一种用途和制备方法,效果数据一般至少提供细胞活性数据,视情况加入动物试验数据。

专利权生效从授权之日开始计算,保护期限一般为自申请日起20年,直至专利权期限届满或终止,待上市以后,实际的保护期限通常仅剩下10年左右。为了弥补审批及临床数据收集延误时间给创新药公司带来的损失,美国《药品价格竞争和专利期修正案》(Hatch-Waxman Act)规定可以将专利药专利保护期延长5年;欧盟专利法有一种相似的制度“补充保护证书”(SupplementaryProtection CertificateSPC),该延长的保护期从其专利保护期届满之日起开始计算,通过向各成员国知识产权局单独申请该证书可以获得最高5年的保护期;在中国,由于没有专利延期制度加上审批耗时很长,一些进口创新药在中国的专利保护期更短。

 

专利布局策略重点

另一项迷思是在申请药物成份专利时,许多人往往只申请一个化合物的专利,结果等到一公开专利内容,竞争对手把化学结构稍加改造,成分不同但是效果一样,就能够回避侵权问题了。因此,原研药企必须要有专利组合(patent portfolio)的概念,也就是针对化学结构中主要部分的各种可能衍生态样,也都用专利保护起来,以免留给对手可趁之机。

对化学药来说,原研公司通常在首次人体试验前申请基础化合物专利保护通式结构,此专利最大限度的保护了具有同样用途的一类衍生物,这些化合物数量庞大且拥有共同的结构,共同的结构相对于现有技术应该是具有新颖性和创造性的。由于基础化合物专利保护的结构数量庞大,避免目标化合物过早暴露,防止对手跟进。一般来讲,除了基础化合物专利,申请人后续可能还会提出一个具体化合物专利(例如具体的盐、异构体、前药、活性代谢产物)申请。例如辉瑞公司重磅降血脂药立普妥(阿托伐他汀,Atorvastatin),其于1986530日申请的美国专利US4681893,保护了含有阿托伐他汀的通式化合物及其药学上可接受的内酯水解盐,正常到期时间为2006530日,经过专利延长申请,保护期延长至2009924;其申请的后续专利US5273995 则保护了阿托伐他汀及其钙盐( 即阿托伐他汀钙),失效期应为20101228,由于符合儿科用药(pediatric medicationPED) 6个月的市场独占期规定,专利期延长半年,实际过期日为2011 6 28日。

除了化合物专利,晶型专利的重要性仅次于化合物专利,是阻挡仿制药上市的第二道防线。现在很多创新药都被开发成晶型药物,原因如下:(1)无定型状态物质的单位表面自由能较大,在固体制剂崩解后形成的混悬液中,药物粒子更易分散,可提高溶出速率,增加难溶性药物体内的生物利用度。但较多无定型药物会在加工过程及贮存中容易发生转晶等现象,从而使生物利用度与药物的溶出速率、自由能等失去一致性,吸收甚至可能比其他较为稳定的晶型药物更差;(2)晶型药物稳定,利用重结晶可以除去一些杂质降低药物的毒副作用;(3)晶型药物可以申请专利,在一定程度上可以限制部分仿制药厂家。虽然晶型药物有诸多优点,但并不适合所有新药,有些重磅新药的无定型就比晶型态更具有优势,例如,百年经典老药阿司匹林,超级重磅细胞毒药物紫杉醇,阿斯利康曾经的当家花旦埃索美拉唑,这些药物的无定型状态比晶态形式具有更好的吸收性质。

对多晶型药物,原研公司除了在药品获批前申请晶型(上市药物采用晶型)专利,还会在上市后积极开发优势晶型,再次申请新晶型专利。例如,伊马替尼是具有多种晶型的,该药物在2001年首次被批准上市,上市药物采用β晶型,诺华公司先后公开了该化合物的α、β、FGHIK、δ、ε和非晶型形态(CN98807303.XCN200680044007.7CN200880018651.6CN201010586080.5),并且阐述了β晶型为最稳定晶型,其他晶型在常温下,尤其在有水、醇、酮存在时易转变为β晶型。β晶型于1998716日申请,优先权日为1997718日,专利授权号:CN1134430C NCN201010586080.5(专利名称:甲磺酸伊马替尼的δ和ε晶形)20060824日申请,CN200680044007.7(专利名称:甲磺酸伊马替尼的FGHIK晶形)20061123日申请。石药欧意集团自主研发出了与β晶型更稳定的新晶型M晶型,并绕开了原研公司的专利保护,而且在2014年申请专利保护自己的成果(申请号CN201410139481.4),现在已经获得生产批件,石药欧意在此实现了真正的防守反击。

除了申请核心专利限制仿制药开发者,原研公司还会进行外围专利申请,例如组合物专利、合成方法专利、新的用途专利、新的晶型专利、新的盐专利,一方面,通过外围专利申请给仿制药厂家设置技术屏障,另一方面,防止对手开发出新技术进行专利申请限制自己,所以,核心专利在布局中起到攻击的作用,外围专利的主要作用则是防守。

 

善用实验数据保护

除了专利以外,新药产业还有一项特别的实验数据保护机制,也就是对于原研药公司在药物开发过程中累积的试验数据,给予一段排除他人商进入市场的优惠期。数据保护期虽然会与专利效期重叠,但前者是一项绝对性的保障,厂商取得之后就不会再消失或撤回,但专利权是相对的,如果被竞争者在专利连结制度挑战成功使得专利权无效,至少还可以用专属保护期来进行防御。目前在美国对于新药都给予至少5年、老药新用则是3年的保护期间;如果开发的是罕见疾病用的孤儿药(orphan drug),保护期间更可能拉长到7年。聪明的药厂都会搭配专属保护期与专利申请,将药物的市场价值极大化。例如亚培药厂(Abbott, 已更名为AbbVie)在1998年时取得一项心血管药物的权利,将其命名为「Tricor」并推向市场。当时这个药物的成分专利以及专属保护期间都已经到期,市场价值相当有限,但在接下来的15年内,亚培靠着一次又一次的改良剂型申请新的专利,也同时取得了专属保护期间- 第一个五年到了,就把配方从200毫克改成体积更小的160毫克,连带也调整剂量,让学名药厂就算挑战专利成功,也没办法进入市场;亚培同样的策略重复了三次,甚至到了2009Tricor的销售金额还攀上了14亿美元的高峰。

中国目前尚无相关的实施方法和细则,但国家药品监督管理局近日起草了《药品试验数据保护实施办法(暂行)(征求意见稿)》,对于创新药给予6年保护、改良型新药则是3年的保护期间。

 

结语

创新药专利布局是一场原研公司和仿制药公司之间的博弈,一场好的布局要做到有攻有防,准确把握时机,善于运用专利法中的优先权、分案申请、国际专利申请来保证申请人最大利益。专利布局如同世界杯足球比赛中的排兵布阵一样,善于进攻能帮助球队取得一些比赛的胜利,但只有攻守兼备才能走的更远!

参考资料

https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/nBi7YXhHlRRPkueObGuQSg

 

Electronic

Electronic Arts pledges free use for five accessibility patents

Electronic Arts pledges free use for five accessibility patents Recently, Electronic Arts (EA) announced a patent pledge that gives other companies and developers free access to five of its current accessibility-related patents and technology. The company promised not to enforce against any party for infringing any of the listed patents. Instead, EA hopes to encourage “innovation” and build new features that make video games more inclusive on a much larger scale by opening up the patents.  Electronic Arts (EA) is an American video game company founded in 1982. The company owns many popular and famous games, such as The Sims, SimCity, Apex Legends, Madden NFL and FIFA. Each of the games has more than 30 or 50 million sales volume. Significantly, esports involves FIFA and Apex Legends into the event list. Apex Legends has up to 1 billion players, and it is so popular that it has a Switch version. Within the freely available patents, one of which grabs everyone’s attention -- Apex Legends’ ping system (patent No. US 11097189). The ping system in Apex Legends, which excellently allows players to make communication and teamwork quick and easy without hearing or speaking, has been praised both as an impressive alternative to voice chat and as a great accessibility feature for players with a variety of disabilities.  The other patents include the technology widely used in the FIFA and Madden NFL. The innovations can automatically detect and modify colors (patent No. US 10118097 and CN 107694092) and contrast ratios (patent No. US 10878540) to improve gamers’ visibility with colorblindness and low vision. Furthermore, one of the patents relates to personalized sound technology, helping players with hearing issues by modifying or creating music based on their preferences (patent No. US 10790919).   The code of the mentioned technology is published on EA’s GitHub, and it is open to all developers. Thus, the developers can use it or adapt it for their games without spending the costs to research. It is good that EA shares the patents for free use and aims to create an accessibility-increased gaming environment for players. However, it is not “unconditional” to use the listed patents. In the pledge, EA mentioned that it may terminate the promise for a specific party which files a patent infringement lawsuit or other patent proceedings against EA. We can see parts of EV’s ambition behind the announcement—to build a large game developer league and a community of shared interests.     Reference: https://www.ea.com/commitments/positive-play/accessibility-patent-pledge https://iknow.stpi.narl.org.tw/Post/Read.aspx?PostID=14562 https://www.polygon.com/22639469/apex-legends-electronic-arts-patent-pledge-accessibility-developers https://www.theverge.com/2021/8/24/22638535/ea-accessibility-patent-pledge-apex-legends-ping-system https://www.gamesradar.com/ea-secures-a-patent-for-the-apex-legends-ping-system-and-its-giving-it-away-for-free/ https://dotesports.com/apex-legends/news/apex-legends-ping-system-is-now-patent-free-for-accessibility https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2021/08/apex_legends_ping_system_now_patent-free_as_ea_announces_accessibility_pledge Recently, Electronic Arts (EA) announced a patent pledge that gives other companies and developers free access to five of its current accessibility-related patents and technology. The company promised not to enforce against any party for infringing any of the listed patents. Instead, EA hopes to encourage “innovation” and build new features that make video games more inclusive on a much larger scale by opening up the patents.    Electronic Arts (EA) is an American video game company founded in 1982. The company owns many popular and famous games, such as The Sims, SimCity, Apex Legends, Madden NFL and FIFA. Each of the games has more than 30 or 50 million sales volume. Significantly, esports involves FIFA and Apex Legends into the event list. Apex Legends has up to 1 billion players, and it is so popular that it has a Switch version.   Within the freely available patents, one of which grabs everyone’s attention -- Apex Legends’ ping system (patent No. US 11097189). The ping system in Apex Legends, which excellently allows players to make communication and teamwork quick and easy without hearing or speaking, has been praised both as an impressive alternative to voice chat and as a great accessibility feature for players with a variety of disabilities.    The other patents include the technology widely used in the FIFA and Madden NFL. The innovations can automatically detect and modify colors (patent No. US 10118097 and CN 107694092) and contrast ratios (patent No. US 10878540) to improve gamers’ visibility with colorblindness and low vision. Furthermore, one of the patents relates to personalized sound technology, helping players with hearing issues by modifying or creating music based on their preferences (patent No. US 10790919).   The
2021-10-22
The

The forum on "China's Intellectual Property-related Reform Measures and New Trends in Patent Litigation" will be held successfully!

The forum on "China's Intellectual Property-related Reform Measures and New Trends in Patent Litigation" will be held successfully! In response to the call for building a strong country with intellectual property rights, at 2 o'clock in the afternoon of October 21, the forum on "China's reform measures related to intellectual property rights and new trends in patent litigation" will be successfully held in Nanjing Jiangbei New District Industrial Technology Research and Innovation Park. The event was hosted by the Science and Technology Innovation Bureau of Nanjing Jiangbei New Area Management Committee, Nanjing Jiangbei New Area Industrial Technology Research and Innovation Park, Nanjing Intellectual Property Rights Protection Assistance Center Jiangbei New District Center, Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Consultant Co., Ltd., Nanjing Intellectual Property Co-organized by the Protection Center (Nanjing Intellectual Property Rights Protection Assistance Center), Taiwan Pharmaceutical Development Association, and Gene Online. The director of Nanjing Intellectual Property Protection Center, Mou Xiaojian, delivered a speech. Director Mu expressed his warm congratulations on the holding of this event and introduced in detail the new pattern of intellectual property protection in Nanjing. He said: At present, Nanjing has implemented a rights protection assistance network in the municipal area. With full coverage, Nanjing Intellectual Property Protection Center is willing to closely communicate and interact with Nanjing's innovation entities, and provide relevant public welfare services such as rapid pre-review, rapid rights protection, and comprehensive utilization for enterprises in need. In addition, Huang Funan, CEO of Gene Online, was unable to come to congratulate due to the epidemic, and recorded a congratulatory video. In the video, he said: China Innovative Pharmaceuticals has already made many outstanding achievements on the international stage, and these are inseparable from intellectual property rights. The support of the company can also show the importance of intellectual property rights to biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. This event invites four industry experts to focus on China's reform measures related to intellectual property rights and new trends in patent litigation, discuss with companies and universities, and make arrangements in advance. Dr. Qingchen Hou, general manager of Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Consulting Co., Ltd., introduced the "Guidelines for Building a Powerful Country with Intellectual Property Rights (2021-2035)" and explained his views from four aspects: background, strategic layout, overall requirements, and organizational guarantees. . Subsequently, a detailed analysis of China's patent linkage system was carried out, and compared with the same types of cases at home and abroad, questions were raised: Why should we reward the first person who successfully challenged patents? Not the first person to file a P4 application? And have a series of discussions with you. Director Jiang Haijun of the Intellectual Property Protection Legal Committee of the Nanjing Lawyers Association gave a speech on three points: the problems after the amendment of the patent law, the enforceability of the amount of compensation, and the legal conflicts related to service inventions. Regarding the patent right evaluation report, he emphasized that the patentee, interested party or accused infringer can also proactively issue a patent right evaluation report. "Patent is a work of art that combines technology and law" is a message shared by Mr. Feng Tao from Jiangsu Junbo Law Firm at this event. Mr. Feng analyzes the big data of Chinese patent litigation cases through graphs and examples. Explore. The last topic of the event was shared by Guo Huangying, Intellectual Property Manager of Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Agency (General Partnership)-China's Patent Infringement Judgment Principles and New Developments. Manager Guo explained to everyone the principles of patent infringement judgment and the necessity of patent infringement search and analysis before producing and selling products. In the intellectual property industry, ECCOM has been providing high-quality and professional comprehensive intellectual property services to enterprises and universities one step at a time. It also hopes that under the leadership of the state and the government, it will contribute to the building of a strong intellectual property nation in China. Make a contribution.
2021-10-22
Types

Types of patents that are easily overlooked- Design Patent

Types of patents that are easily overlooked- Design Patent In recent years, as the public’s awareness of intellectual property has increased, people have begun to consciously use the patent law to protect their intellectual property rights. However, in the process of implementation, they often only focus on invention patent and utility model patent, and tend to ignore the protection of design patent. Recently, Midea sued Haotaitai for two models of CXW-300-D998 and CXW-300-D908 Haotaitai brand range hoods In the case of suspected infringement of its design patent (patent number: ZL201930621598.X), the Guangzhou Intellectual Property Court made a first-instance judgment after hearing that it determined that the two products of Haotaitai constituted infringement, and ordered it to immediately stop the infringement and compensate Midea, The company's economic losses and reasonable expenses totaled 360,000 yuan. In fact, appearance infringement cases have occurred from time to time before, such as: "Molly" blind box design patent case, "Siemens" switch design patent infringement dispute case received a compensation of 6 million yuan, three Casio watch design patents were infringed Received a compensation of 8.8 million yuan and so on. The reason why people ignore the protection of design patents, in the final analysis, is that they have insufficient knowledge of design patents. Today, let's take a look at what is protected by design patents and what rights protections can we apply for? Design patent definition: Article 2 of the "Patent Law", design patent, refers to a new design that is aesthetically pleasing and suitable for industrial applications based on the shape, pattern, or combination of products, and the combination of color, shape, and pattern. Protected range: The shape of the product; the pattern of the product; the shape and pattern of the product; the shape and color of the product; the pattern and color of the product; the shape, pattern and color of the product. Protection period: The term of protection for design patent rights is 15 years, calculated from the date of filing. What are the conditions for applying for a design patent? The design should be aesthetically pleasing Appearance patents should be suitable for industrial applications The design patent application should be novel The design patent application should be inventiveness What are the advantages and functions of design patents? Protect the rights and interests of enterprises in product designs and fight against infringements in market competition. To enhance brand value, the quality and quantity of patents are the embodiment of the company's innovation ability and core competitiveness. Receive consumer recognition. If a company's new product appearance is filed for a patent in a timely manner, its appearance design will enjoy the exclusive right. Nowadays, consumers often choose products with trendy and beautiful appearance when buying their products. Applying for a design patent is a necessary condition for applying for a high-tech enterprise.
2021-09-26
Colopl

Colopl Settles Patent Infringement Lawsuit with Nintendo by Paying $30 Million

Colopl Settles Patent Infringement Lawsuit with Nintendo by Paying $30 Million   This August, Nintendo and a game developer Colopl announced that they have settled for patent infringement regarding White Cat Project (Shironeko Project in Japanese), a smartphone game developed by Colopl. Although both companies did not publicly share exact details of the settlement, at least it is sure that Colopl agreed to pay 3.3 billion yen (about US$30.2 million) as the settlement fee for the proceedings, including the future license of Nintendo's patents.    How did the battle begin?  Being developed and published by a Japanese game developer, Colopl, White Cat Project is a free-to-play action role-playing game for Android and iOS systems. The mobile game was launched in July 2014 as well as got a television anime adaptation in 2020. It is incredibly popular to have more than 50 million downloads. Furthermore, the game is set to receive a Switch version titled "Shironeko New Project".    In September 2016, Nintendo noted the Colopl's game and considered that the game had infringed on several of Nintendo's technology patents. The two companies communicated with each other for over a year; however, Nintendo did not accept the explanations from Colopl, and Nintendo filed a lawsuit against Colopl at the beginning of 2018.    Nintendo claimed that Colopl infringed 6 of its patents. These patents protect touch-screen joystick functionality (patent no. JP3734820), multiplayer connectivity (patent no. JP5595991, JP6271692), confirmation screens in sleep mode (patent no. JP4010533), character attacks based on touch input locations (patent no. JP4262217), and a shadow effect placed on characters hidden behind the game geometry (patent no. JP3637031).   These patents almost cover various ways of game technology, especially the patent  JP5595991 and JP6271692. Their patent family is wide-reaching, and many divisional applications of the family are pending in Japan. They protect a communication game system and its related devices. It is not easy to detect the patent's existence and boundary since this kind of hardcore technique is so common in the gaming field and our daily lives.     The five-year patent war has been settled.  After a five-year dispute, the situation appeared to turn in Nintendo's favor as the Switch maker increased its monetary demands, which convinced Colopl to strike a deal that lets it use the disputed patents. Furthermore, a Switch version of White Cat Project remains in the works at Colopl.    With the extraordinary losses of Colopl, the legal battle between the two companies came to an end.  
2021-09-09
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