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公知常识在专利确权中的适用

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  • Time of issue:2018-09-07 10:58
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(Summary description)公知常识证据的举证和认定,一直是专利授权确权行政案件中审理的重难点。对于审查员而言,由于未对公知常识证据举证或者证据不够,导致专利申请人对此异议不断,增长审查周期。对于申请人或者无效请求人而言,若对审查员关于公知常识的认定存在异议,使得意见陈述书中的争辩都围绕在公知常识的举证和认定上,而忽略了实质的发明点。

公知常识在专利确权中的适用

(Summary description)公知常识证据的举证和认定,一直是专利授权确权行政案件中审理的重难点。对于审查员而言,由于未对公知常识证据举证或者证据不够,导致专利申请人对此异议不断,增长审查周期。对于申请人或者无效请求人而言,若对审查员关于公知常识的认定存在异议,使得意见陈述书中的争辩都围绕在公知常识的举证和认定上,而忽略了实质的发明点。

  • Categories:最新消息
  • Author:
  • Origin:
  • Time of issue:2018-09-07 10:58
  • Views:
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公知常识证据的举证和认定,一直是专利授权确权行政案件中审理的重难点。对于审查员而言,由于未对公知常识证据举证或者证据不够,导致专利申请人对此异议不断,增长审查周期。对于申请人或者无效请求人而言,若对审查员关于公知常识的认定存在异议,使得意见陈述书中的争辩都围绕在公知常识的举证和认定上,而忽略了实质的发明点。对于法官而言,专利复审委员会在被诉决定中认定某技术特征时公知常识,通常不举证,甚至只有断言,给法官的案件审理也带来很多困扰。对公知常识的举证和认定,急需要一个合理的界定。

(一)公知常识的法律解释

关于公知常识的具体解释,目前并没有一个具体的司法定义,行业内也众说纷纭,并没有一个统一的观点。《专利审查指南》中,通过例举的方式对公知常识进行了解释—--本领域中解决该重新确定的技术问题的惯用手段,或教科书或者工具书等中披露的解决该重新确定的技术问题的技术手段。

基于上述《审查指南》规定的理解,对公知常识的概念仍然存在很多不同的认定。部分专家认为,参考专利审查指南的有关规定,公知常识一般是指公知的教科书或者工具书披露的解决特定技术问题的技术手段和本领域中解决特定技术问题的惯用手段。技术词典、技术手册、教科书等能够作为证明公知常识的证据。有些专家则提出不同的见解,认为专利审查指南对公知常识的界定范围不恰当,许多技术词典、技术手册和教科书都具有很强的专业性,而在解决某领域特定技术问题时,生活常识是否可以被认为是本领域的公知常识?最高院在(2015)行提字第12号民事判决书中明确:公知常识是本领域普通技术人员普遍知道的技术或者其他知识。可见,基于最高院的观点,生活常识可以认为是本领域的公知常识。

综上,目前对公知常识并没有一个统一的法定解释,只能结合复审委或者法院在案件审理中对于公知常识的认定来进一步明确公知常识的范围。

(二)可作为公知常识的载体

1. 技术词典、技术手册和教科书:这是在审查指南中明确规定的公知常识,也是在授权和确权中接受度最高的公知常识载体。

2. 国家标准、行业标准等标准:标准是指为了在一定范围内获得最佳秩序,经协商一致并由公认机构批准,共同使用的和重复使用的一种规范性文件。鉴于该标准是本领域技术人员所共同遵守的,虽然没有上升到法律层面,但是可以作为证明公知常识的证据使用。如在通信领域,TD-SCDMA标准经工业信息化部、运营商等部门协商确定后,成为通信领域的技术人员研发、测试、专利申请的重要参考资料,已经是本领域的技术人员所广泛知晓,成为通信领域的普通技术知识。

3. 专利文献和期刊论文:在司法实践中,专利文献和期刊论文是当事人运用较多的证明公知常识的载体。但是,法院对于专利文献和期刊论文的认定,则相对较为谨慎,否定了专利文献和期刊论文作为公知常识证据载体的合法性,在多起无效行政纠纷案中都表明了法院的态度。

其实,法院之所以采取谨慎的态度,也是有其原因的、首先,《审查指南》并未规定专利文献和期刊论文可以作为公知常识的载体,法院作为司法机关,不应当扩大适用范围。其次,专利文献和期刊论文本身记载的特定技术、能解决的技术问题和实现的技术效果并不具有当然的确定性和准确性,也不具有公知性。目前专利被无效以及论文造假并不罕见,本身也体现了专利文献和期刊论文的不稳定性。

4. 权威的数字资源:数字资源的普及使得当事人举证证明公知常识的形式更加多样。如百度百科、维基百科等网络百科全书,其给出了相对专业、权威的信息,且易于举证,可以作为公知常识证据的重要来源。还有超星科技数字图书馆、读秀等数字资源,其收录的教材、工具书、期刊等资源,亦可作为公知常识证据的重要来源。但是在专利确权的过程中,若无其他证据的佐证,上述证据应当至少经过公证,否则其真实性无法确定,证明效力也会因此降低。

(三)公知常识的举证责任分配

在专利确权的审查过程中,主张某技术手段属于本领域公知常识的当事人,负有对其主张承担举证责任的义务。若该当事人未能举证证明或者未能充分说明该技术手段是本领域公知常识,且对方当事人不予认可的,则不应当认定该技术手段属于本领域的公知常识。因在专利确权纠纷中,专利复审委员会系基于请求人所主张的无效宣告利用针对诉争专利的有效性进行的审查,为保证专利复审委员会在审查过程中的中立性、公正性,一般不宜主动依职权引入公知常识,除非对具体技术手段应属公知常识经各方当事人充分发表意见并予以认可的,否则应当保持谨慎。最后,人民法院裁判案件所依据的证据,必须要经过法庭质证,未经质证的证据不能作为人民法院认定事实和作出裁判的依据。

在利用公知常识评价创造性时,应将公知常识以及区别特征置于整体技术方案中,考虑其与其他技术特征在功能和作用上的关联作用,确定其为技术方案带来的效果。看本领域技术人员是否因该公知常识对最终技术方案产生的影响有确定的预期,从而有目的地选用该公知常识。在专利无效案件中,采用公知常识评价区别特征相较于现有技术是否存在技术启示,以此来评判发明或实用新型专利是否具备创造性,并不能机械的套用审查指南的创造性评价步骤,而应深入全面分析公知常识所带来的技术启示,以确定公知常识就是本领域技术人员在解决专利实际要解决的技术问题时所能预见的公知常识。

公知常识作为评价专利权利要求的技术方案不具有创造性的有力武器,当区别特征为本领域的公知常识时,则该权利要求即为不具有创造性,从而达到无效该专利权目的。

 

文件来源:《专利无效案件创造性评价中“公知常识”的适用》

Electronic

Electronic Arts pledges free use for five accessibility patents

Electronic Arts pledges free use for five accessibility patents Recently, Electronic Arts (EA) announced a patent pledge that gives other companies and developers free access to five of its current accessibility-related patents and technology. The company promised not to enforce against any party for infringing any of the listed patents. Instead, EA hopes to encourage “innovation” and build new features that make video games more inclusive on a much larger scale by opening up the patents.  Electronic Arts (EA) is an American video game company founded in 1982. The company owns many popular and famous games, such as The Sims, SimCity, Apex Legends, Madden NFL and FIFA. Each of the games has more than 30 or 50 million sales volume. Significantly, esports involves FIFA and Apex Legends into the event list. Apex Legends has up to 1 billion players, and it is so popular that it has a Switch version. Within the freely available patents, one of which grabs everyone’s attention -- Apex Legends’ ping system (patent No. US 11097189). The ping system in Apex Legends, which excellently allows players to make communication and teamwork quick and easy without hearing or speaking, has been praised both as an impressive alternative to voice chat and as a great accessibility feature for players with a variety of disabilities.  The other patents include the technology widely used in the FIFA and Madden NFL. The innovations can automatically detect and modify colors (patent No. US 10118097 and CN 107694092) and contrast ratios (patent No. US 10878540) to improve gamers’ visibility with colorblindness and low vision. Furthermore, one of the patents relates to personalized sound technology, helping players with hearing issues by modifying or creating music based on their preferences (patent No. US 10790919).   The code of the mentioned technology is published on EA’s GitHub, and it is open to all developers. Thus, the developers can use it or adapt it for their games without spending the costs to research. It is good that EA shares the patents for free use and aims to create an accessibility-increased gaming environment for players. However, it is not “unconditional” to use the listed patents. In the pledge, EA mentioned that it may terminate the promise for a specific party which files a patent infringement lawsuit or other patent proceedings against EA. We can see parts of EV’s ambition behind the announcement—to build a large game developer league and a community of shared interests.     Reference: https://www.ea.com/commitments/positive-play/accessibility-patent-pledge https://iknow.stpi.narl.org.tw/Post/Read.aspx?PostID=14562 https://www.polygon.com/22639469/apex-legends-electronic-arts-patent-pledge-accessibility-developers https://www.theverge.com/2021/8/24/22638535/ea-accessibility-patent-pledge-apex-legends-ping-system https://www.gamesradar.com/ea-secures-a-patent-for-the-apex-legends-ping-system-and-its-giving-it-away-for-free/ https://dotesports.com/apex-legends/news/apex-legends-ping-system-is-now-patent-free-for-accessibility https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2021/08/apex_legends_ping_system_now_patent-free_as_ea_announces_accessibility_pledge Recently, Electronic Arts (EA) announced a patent pledge that gives other companies and developers free access to five of its current accessibility-related patents and technology. The company promised not to enforce against any party for infringing any of the listed patents. Instead, EA hopes to encourage “innovation” and build new features that make video games more inclusive on a much larger scale by opening up the patents.    Electronic Arts (EA) is an American video game company founded in 1982. The company owns many popular and famous games, such as The Sims, SimCity, Apex Legends, Madden NFL and FIFA. Each of the games has more than 30 or 50 million sales volume. Significantly, esports involves FIFA and Apex Legends into the event list. Apex Legends has up to 1 billion players, and it is so popular that it has a Switch version.   Within the freely available patents, one of which grabs everyone’s attention -- Apex Legends’ ping system (patent No. US 11097189). The ping system in Apex Legends, which excellently allows players to make communication and teamwork quick and easy without hearing or speaking, has been praised both as an impressive alternative to voice chat and as a great accessibility feature for players with a variety of disabilities.    The other patents include the technology widely used in the FIFA and Madden NFL. The innovations can automatically detect and modify colors (patent No. US 10118097 and CN 107694092) and contrast ratios (patent No. US 10878540) to improve gamers’ visibility with colorblindness and low vision. Furthermore, one of the patents relates to personalized sound technology, helping players with hearing issues by modifying or creating music based on their preferences (patent No. US 10790919).   The
2021-10-22
The

The forum on "China's Intellectual Property-related Reform Measures and New Trends in Patent Litigation" will be held successfully!

The forum on "China's Intellectual Property-related Reform Measures and New Trends in Patent Litigation" will be held successfully! In response to the call for building a strong country with intellectual property rights, at 2 o'clock in the afternoon of October 21, the forum on "China's reform measures related to intellectual property rights and new trends in patent litigation" will be successfully held in Nanjing Jiangbei New District Industrial Technology Research and Innovation Park. The event was hosted by the Science and Technology Innovation Bureau of Nanjing Jiangbei New Area Management Committee, Nanjing Jiangbei New Area Industrial Technology Research and Innovation Park, Nanjing Intellectual Property Rights Protection Assistance Center Jiangbei New District Center, Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Consultant Co., Ltd., Nanjing Intellectual Property Co-organized by the Protection Center (Nanjing Intellectual Property Rights Protection Assistance Center), Taiwan Pharmaceutical Development Association, and Gene Online. The director of Nanjing Intellectual Property Protection Center, Mou Xiaojian, delivered a speech. Director Mu expressed his warm congratulations on the holding of this event and introduced in detail the new pattern of intellectual property protection in Nanjing. He said: At present, Nanjing has implemented a rights protection assistance network in the municipal area. With full coverage, Nanjing Intellectual Property Protection Center is willing to closely communicate and interact with Nanjing's innovation entities, and provide relevant public welfare services such as rapid pre-review, rapid rights protection, and comprehensive utilization for enterprises in need. In addition, Huang Funan, CEO of Gene Online, was unable to come to congratulate due to the epidemic, and recorded a congratulatory video. In the video, he said: China Innovative Pharmaceuticals has already made many outstanding achievements on the international stage, and these are inseparable from intellectual property rights. The support of the company can also show the importance of intellectual property rights to biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. This event invites four industry experts to focus on China's reform measures related to intellectual property rights and new trends in patent litigation, discuss with companies and universities, and make arrangements in advance. Dr. Qingchen Hou, general manager of Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Consulting Co., Ltd., introduced the "Guidelines for Building a Powerful Country with Intellectual Property Rights (2021-2035)" and explained his views from four aspects: background, strategic layout, overall requirements, and organizational guarantees. . Subsequently, a detailed analysis of China's patent linkage system was carried out, and compared with the same types of cases at home and abroad, questions were raised: Why should we reward the first person who successfully challenged patents? Not the first person to file a P4 application? And have a series of discussions with you. Director Jiang Haijun of the Intellectual Property Protection Legal Committee of the Nanjing Lawyers Association gave a speech on three points: the problems after the amendment of the patent law, the enforceability of the amount of compensation, and the legal conflicts related to service inventions. Regarding the patent right evaluation report, he emphasized that the patentee, interested party or accused infringer can also proactively issue a patent right evaluation report. "Patent is a work of art that combines technology and law" is a message shared by Mr. Feng Tao from Jiangsu Junbo Law Firm at this event. Mr. Feng analyzes the big data of Chinese patent litigation cases through graphs and examples. Explore. The last topic of the event was shared by Guo Huangying, Intellectual Property Manager of Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Agency (General Partnership)-China's Patent Infringement Judgment Principles and New Developments. Manager Guo explained to everyone the principles of patent infringement judgment and the necessity of patent infringement search and analysis before producing and selling products. In the intellectual property industry, ECCOM has been providing high-quality and professional comprehensive intellectual property services to enterprises and universities one step at a time. It also hopes that under the leadership of the state and the government, it will contribute to the building of a strong intellectual property nation in China. Make a contribution.
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Types

Types of patents that are easily overlooked- Design Patent

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Colopl

Colopl Settles Patent Infringement Lawsuit with Nintendo by Paying $30 Million

Colopl Settles Patent Infringement Lawsuit with Nintendo by Paying $30 Million   This August, Nintendo and a game developer Colopl announced that they have settled for patent infringement regarding White Cat Project (Shironeko Project in Japanese), a smartphone game developed by Colopl. Although both companies did not publicly share exact details of the settlement, at least it is sure that Colopl agreed to pay 3.3 billion yen (about US$30.2 million) as the settlement fee for the proceedings, including the future license of Nintendo's patents.    How did the battle begin?  Being developed and published by a Japanese game developer, Colopl, White Cat Project is a free-to-play action role-playing game for Android and iOS systems. The mobile game was launched in July 2014 as well as got a television anime adaptation in 2020. It is incredibly popular to have more than 50 million downloads. Furthermore, the game is set to receive a Switch version titled "Shironeko New Project".    In September 2016, Nintendo noted the Colopl's game and considered that the game had infringed on several of Nintendo's technology patents. The two companies communicated with each other for over a year; however, Nintendo did not accept the explanations from Colopl, and Nintendo filed a lawsuit against Colopl at the beginning of 2018.    Nintendo claimed that Colopl infringed 6 of its patents. These patents protect touch-screen joystick functionality (patent no. JP3734820), multiplayer connectivity (patent no. JP5595991, JP6271692), confirmation screens in sleep mode (patent no. JP4010533), character attacks based on touch input locations (patent no. JP4262217), and a shadow effect placed on characters hidden behind the game geometry (patent no. JP3637031).   These patents almost cover various ways of game technology, especially the patent  JP5595991 and JP6271692. Their patent family is wide-reaching, and many divisional applications of the family are pending in Japan. They protect a communication game system and its related devices. It is not easy to detect the patent's existence and boundary since this kind of hardcore technique is so common in the gaming field and our daily lives.     The five-year patent war has been settled.  After a five-year dispute, the situation appeared to turn in Nintendo's favor as the Switch maker increased its monetary demands, which convinced Colopl to strike a deal that lets it use the disputed patents. Furthermore, a Switch version of White Cat Project remains in the works at Colopl.    With the extraordinary losses of Colopl, the legal battle between the two companies came to an end.  
2021-09-09
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