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TRIZ理论简介

  • Categories:最新消息
  • Author:华讯知识产权
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  • Time of issue:2018-10-26 15:09
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(Summary description)“TRIZ”一词是俄文“发明问题解决理论”的首字母缩写,其英文名称为TheoryofInventiveProblemSolving,因此也称为TIPS。自1946年以来,以俄国G.S.Altschuller为首的专家,经过对250万份专利文献的研究发现,一切技术问题在解决过程中都有一定的模式可以遵循,对大量好的专利进行分析并将其解决问题的模式抽取出来,为人们进行学习并获得创新发明的能力提供参考。经

TRIZ理论简介

(Summary description)“TRIZ”一词是俄文“发明问题解决理论”的首字母缩写,其英文名称为TheoryofInventiveProblemSolving,因此也称为TIPS。自1946年以来,以俄国G.S.Altschuller为首的专家,经过对250万份专利文献的研究发现,一切技术问题在解决过程中都有一定的模式可以遵循,对大量好的专利进行分析并将其解决问题的模式抽取出来,为人们进行学习并获得创新发明的能力提供参考。经

  • Categories:最新消息
  • Author:华讯知识产权
  • Origin:
  • Time of issue:2018-10-26 15:09
  • Views:
Information

“TRIZ”一词是俄文“发明问题解决理论”的首字母缩写,其英文名称为Theory of Inventive Problem Solving,因此也称为TIPS。自1946年以来,以俄国G.S.Altschuller为首的专家,经过对250万份专利文献的研究发现,一切技术问题在解决过程中都有一定的模式可以遵循,对大量好的专利进行分析并将其解决问题的模式抽取出来,为人们进行学习并获得创新发明的能力提供参考。经过多年的搜集、分析、比较和归纳,建立了一整套体系化的、实用的发明问题解决方法,这就是TRIZ理论。

TRIZ理论的革命性成果在于,对不同的行业问题,采用相同的解决方法,即从专利中总结出来的最常用的原理和方法。这些原理和方法主要包括:39个通用工程参数、40条发明原理、分离原理、物质-场模型、76个标准解、知识库 效应库和ARIZ发明问题解决算法。

TRIZ理论体系及创新方法可用以下模型进行简化:(1)一种思想----最终理想解;(2)一组法则----技术系统进化法则;(3)四个工具----物理冲突与分离方法;技术冲突与发明原理;物场分析与标准解;How to模型与知识库;(4)一种算法----发明问题解决算法(ARIZ)。

1. 最终理想解:

其中,最理想的状况为,有用功能趋向于无穷大,有害功能和资源的消耗(COST)趋向于0。

2. 技术系统进化法则

技术系统是指由相互联系的元件所组成的、以实现某种功能或者职能的事物的组合。TRIZ的技术系统进化理论将产品进化的阶段划分为婴儿期、成长期、成熟期和衰退期,并主张在产品的婴儿期和成长期加大投入,挖掘产品的潜在利润空间;在成熟期,快速获取产品的直接理论并着手于开发新一代的替代产品;在衰退期,运用产品进化理论,技术开发人员可以较快地确定设计的完整构思,从而保证技术难题有所突破。当一个技术系统的进化完成4个阶段后,会出现一个新的技术系统替代它,如此不断替代,形成技术系统进化的S曲线,如图1所示:

1S曲线示意图

2S曲线对应的专利数量、发明级别和利润曲线

通过性能参数随时间变化的规律,可以准确地预测产品和技术所处的生命周期阶段。通过上述S曲线,可以评估系统现有技术的成熟度,预测新一代产品进化的方向,进一步可以帮助企业决策者做出正确的研发与引进决策。

经典的TRIZ理论中,技术系统进化法则包括完备性法则、能量传递法则、协调性进化法则、提高理想度法则、动态性进化法则、子系统不均衡进化法则、向微观系统进化法则和向超系统进化法则。

3. 四个工具:

当一个技术系统的工程参数具有相反的需求,就出现了物理矛盾。分离原理就是针对物理矛盾的解决而提出的,分离方法可以概括为四大类分离原理:空间分离(将矛盾双方在不同的空间隔离)、时间分离(将矛盾双方在不同的时间段隔离)、基于条件的分离(将矛盾双方在不同条件下分离)和系统级别的分离(整体和部分的分离,即将矛盾双方在不同层次上分离)。

在物质-场模型的定义中,物质可以是系统,也可以是子系统或者单个的物体,甚至可以是环境,取决于实际情况。场是指完成某种功能所需的手法或手段,通常是一些能量形式,如磁场、重力场、电能、热能、化学能、机械能、声能和光能等。无论是大系统、子系统还是微观层次,都具有功能,所有的功能都可以分解为2种物质和1种场。如手握杯子,在这个案例中,场即摩擦力,物质即手和杯子。通过物质-场模型,可以用来解决复杂问题。

TRIZ解决问题的工具体系如表1所示:

问题模型

工具

解决方案模型

技术矛盾

矛盾矩阵

创新原理

物理矛盾

分离方法

创新原理

知识库

知识库中的方案

How To模型

知识库

知识库中的方案

物场模型

标准解法系统

标准解法

表1:TRIZ解决问题工具体系

4. ARIZ算法

 图3:ARIZ算法流程图

ARIZ算法强调矛盾的消除要最大限度地利用系统内外资源并借助物理学、化学、几何学等工程学原理,用到ARIZ算法思想中的系统变化的思想,并充分考虑内部的子系统以及系统所处的超系统。但是ARIZ算法的分析也是具有一定的局限性,需要使用者具有一定的知识和经验积累。其中,“最小问题”、“系统矛盾”、“问题模型”、“理想解”和“可用资源”等都不容易建立,并且不同的人可能有不同的观点,无法快速分辨不同观点的优劣。当解决复杂问题时,ARIZ算法也有一定的局限性,因为复杂问题往往包含多个矛盾,各个矛盾之间也会相互影响,很难一下子得出主要矛盾。因此,对于ARIZ算法的应用,还需要结合实际遇到的问题具体进行分析,在实践中丰富经验,提高对ARIZ算法的运用效率。

5. TRIZ理论运用的成功案例

TRIZ在应用方面广为人知的案例就是在韩国三星公司的应用。韩国收益于与苏联的地缘关系,很早就接触到TRIZ,于1998年就引进了TRIZ,但是在早期却并不成功。直到2003年第二次的引进,三星利用TRIZ,节约成本达到15亿美元,并运用TRIZ成功申请了52项专利,这才引起了世界高度的兴趣与关注。2007年,三星公司平均每月有60个美国专利授权,排名世界第二。三星引入TRIZ主要用于解决以下4个方面的问题:(1)攻克难题;(2)对三星集团的产品进行预测;(3)专利对抗:实现专利规避设计和专利布局设计;(4)研发流程的改进:对6Sigma流程的改进。也正是应用TRIZ理论,使三星从一个在亚洲金融危机中濒临破产的韩国企业,到如今整个半导体行业的领导者。

应用TRIZ的效益可以缩短创新的过程,对产品制造过程能有所改善,可以在最短时间内产生更多产品构思和问题解决方案,并且可以创造技术先进、引领市场的新产品。虽然TRIZ应用于各种领域,但是其成功案例却鲜少公开,即使是公开的案例也仍然是蒙上一层神秘的面纱,这主要是因为案例的公开涉及到各公司产品与制程的创新发明,所以并未能展示出公司的技术本质。

随着企业对TRIZ理论的更加深入的理解,相信未来,TRIZ理论将不只是局限在传统制造业、半导体产业、航天、化工、建筑、医药等领域,在其他领域如商业、管理等非科技领域也能有广泛的应用。

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