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中国药品专利连结制度的发展进程及障碍

  • Categories:最新消息
  • Author:华讯知识产权
  • Origin:
  • Time of issue:2018-12-12 15:10
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(Summary description)专利链接制度(PatentLinkage)是指将仿制药的上市注册与专利药的专利保护进行链接的一种制度,首创于1984年美国《药品价格竞争与专利期恢复法》(Hatch-Waxman法案),广义地看,药品专利链接包括药品专利登记与信息公开、药品专利声明及通知、诉讼以及等待期、药品专利期补偿、对于挑战专利成功的申请人的药品数据保护等方面的内容,通过制度的设计,一方面加快仿制药的上市速度,一方面促进创新药

中国药品专利连结制度的发展进程及障碍

(Summary description)专利链接制度(PatentLinkage)是指将仿制药的上市注册与专利药的专利保护进行链接的一种制度,首创于1984年美国《药品价格竞争与专利期恢复法》(Hatch-Waxman法案),广义地看,药品专利链接包括药品专利登记与信息公开、药品专利声明及通知、诉讼以及等待期、药品专利期补偿、对于挑战专利成功的申请人的药品数据保护等方面的内容,通过制度的设计,一方面加快仿制药的上市速度,一方面促进创新药

  • Categories:最新消息
  • Author:华讯知识产权
  • Origin:
  • Time of issue:2018-12-12 15:10
  • Views:
Information

专利链接制度(Patent Linkage)是指将仿制药的上市注册与专利药的专利保护进行链接的一种制度,首创于1984年美国《药品价格竞争与专利期恢复法》(Hatch-Waxman法案),广义地看,药品专利链接包括药品专利登记与信息公开、药品专利声明及通知、诉讼以及等待期、药品专利期补偿、对于挑战专利成功的申请人的药品数据保护等方面的内容,通过制度的设计,一方面加快仿制药的上市速度,一方面促进创新药研发的积极性,使得创新药不断出现,仿制药不断跟进,被认为是一种平衡的制度设计。目前我国的《药品注册管理办法》虽然已建立了专利链接制度的雏形,但其基本停留于概念层面,无论是立法规定还是实施效果,都远未成熟。

 

中国药品专利链接制度的建立

实际上,在2002年以前,药品专利保护问题未在药品管理的法律、法规予以规定,2002年10月30日颁布、同年12月1日起实行的《药品注册管理办法(试行)》是中国首次对药品注册审批工作中的专利问题作出的规定。其中第十八条规定,申请人应当对所申请注册的药物或者使用的处方、工艺等,提供在中国的专利及其权属状态说明,并提交对他人的专利不构成侵权的保证书,承诺对可能的侵权后果负责。该法虽然规定了专利披露和声明制度,但是在具体实践中,并没有真正将专利和药物注册审批联系起来。

2002年至2016年间,尽管对《药品注册管理办法》进行了多次修正,但解决药品注册审批工作中的专利问题的整体思路和框架并没有本质上的变化,仅仅是具备了药品专利链接的某些元素,但离真正的药品专利链接制度还很遥远。

根据2017年5月12日国家食品药品监督管理局发布的《关于鼓励药品医疗器械创新保护创新者权益的相关政策(征求意见稿)》,药品注册申请人提交注册申请时,应对创新药进行规定范围内的专利登记,仿制药申请人则应当声明涉及的原研药专利及其权属状态,向CFDA提交药品涉及专利情况的说明和不侵权声明,并在提出注册申请后20天内告知相关药品上市许可持有人和专利权人该不侵权声明的内容;专利权人认为侵犯其专利权的,应在接到申请人告知后20天内向司法机关提起专利侵权诉讼,并请求CFDA为涉案申请设置批准等待期,使得涉案药品“在批准等待期内”虽然可以继续被实质审查,却不能获得最终批准,直至司法判决作出或双方和解告终。

2017年10月8日中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅联合印发了《关于深化审评审批制度改革鼓励药品医疗器械创新的意见》,明确要探索建立药品专利链接制度的大方向,这是医药改革的纲领性文件。

2017年10月23日,国家食品和药品监督管理总局发布了《药品注册管理办法(修订稿)》,其中第九十八条提及:申请人提交药品上市许可申请时,应明确是否涉及中国政府承认的发明专利、所涉专利权属状态及是否存在侵权,并在规定期限内告知相关专利的专利权人涉及该专利的相应药品正在提交上市申请;药品审评审批与药品专利链接的相关制度另行制定。上述相关政策预示着中国探索建立药品专利链接试点工作的方向已经渐渐明确。

2018年4月3日,国务院发布了《关于改革完善仿制药供应保障及使用政策的意见》,该意见指出,以需求为导向,鼓励仿制临床必需、疗效确切、供应短缺的药品,鼓励仿制重大传染病防治和罕见病治疗所需药品、处置突发公共卫生事件所需药品、儿童使用药品以及专利到期前一年尚没有提出注册申请的药品;新批准上市或通过仿制药质量和疗效一致性评价的药品,载入中国上市药品目录集;加强知识产权领域反垄断执法,在充分保护药品创新的同时,防止知识产权滥用,促进仿制药上市。

2018年7月10日,国家知识产权局召开的第三季度例行新闻发布会中指出,我国国内发明专利拥有量占比已经接近70%,然而在包括医学技术在内的核心技术领域上还存在短板,第四次专利法修改将继续完善药品专利相关制度,探索建立药品专利链接制度,缩短药品上市时间。

 

中国药品专利链接相关制度设计中的障碍

1.   登记专利的药品范围和专利类型缺乏限制

药品专利链接的程序应为药品专利权人登记专利,在此基础上对后续的药品注册申请进行专利链接审查。现行的《药品注册管理办法》目前并没有限制登记专利的药品范围,同时,《相关政策(征求意见稿)》和《深化改革鼓励创新的意见》对于《上市药品目录集》内容的规定以及《关于公开征求<中国上市药品目录集>框架意见的通知》中显示的《中国上市药品目录集(征求意见稿)》都没有对登记专利的药品范围作出限制。

据统计,我国仿制药占比达到96%,如果让所有的药品都登记专利,那么几乎所有药品之间的专利纠纷,包括仿制药之间的专利纠纷,都可能进入专利链接审查程序,这样一来药品专利纠纷会急剧增加,给药品审评审批程序带来过重审查负担的同时,也会导致制药厂商利用药品专利链接制度进行恶性竞争,延迟竞争对手的药品上市,降低药品的可及性。

其次,目前的药品专利链接相关制度未限制药品登记专利的专利类型。

药品专利包括化合物专利、晶型专利、制剂专利、药物组合物/复方制剂专利、方法专利、用途专利、设备专利、生产装置专利甚至是外观设计专利。在这些专利中,设备专利、生产装置专利、外观设计专利等与药品的安全性和有效性关联性较弱的专利类型,不应当纳入登记专利的范围,事无巨细的专利保护并不利于制药产业的良性竞争和社会公众的可及性。

2.   无法确保橙皮书专利信息的可靠性

专利挑战和侵权诉讼,无论是哪一条主线,都要以橙皮书上列明的专利为基础,因此橙皮书专利信息的可靠性就显得尤为重要。一方面,专利信息必须是真实准确的,另一方面,专利也必须能够涵盖相应的上市药品。

然而,虽然2017年底中国发布了第一版《上市药品目录集》,也被业界称之为中国自己的橙皮书,其中公开药品的诸多信息,包括相关专利的专利号、到期日等,但并没有在其中明确专利信息的更正、异议等机制。事实上对于数量庞杂的专利信息,CFDA也难以作出充分的核实,毕竟橙皮书专利信息的申报是由原研药厂单方完成的,这样的专利信息能否经得起推敲,将决定整个专利链接制度的公信力。

3.   侵权诉讼的法律基础未明确

作为主线之一的“侵权诉讼”,是针对仿制药厂提交上市申请的行为提起的侵权诉讼,我国要建立专利链接制度,最大障碍就是缺少“拟制侵权”(artificial act of infringement)的规定。所谓“拟制侵权”,指的是任何人在他人的药品专利保护期内向药品行政监督管理部门提出新药注册申请或者仿制药注册申请的行为,均构成侵犯专利权的行为。

目前我国《专利法》第69条第5项规定“有下列情形之一的,不视为侵犯专利权:为提供行政审批所需要的信息,制造、使用、进口专利药品或者专利医疗器械的,以及专门为其制造、进口专利药品或者专利医疗器械的”,该条款被称为中国专利法的“Bolar例外”(“Bolar例外”的规定意在允许仿制药在原研药专利期内开展研究,以便在专利期到期后及时上市),但对于提交药品上市生产申请阶段是否属于“Bolar例外”的范围,是否属于拟制侵权,业界存在不同认识,主流的观点认为提交上市申请的行为并不构成侵权,因此这样的侵权诉讼很可能因缺乏权利基础而导致丧失胜诉的可能性。

4.   专利挑战的奖励不足

专利链接制度下,鼓励仿制药厂发起专利挑战的一大诱因正是给予挑战成功者市场独占奖励的规则,此处所说的“市场独占”是指独占仿制药市场,即药监部门在一定的独占期内拒绝批准其他仿制药的上市。

在我国现有的规定中,关于挑战成功者的奖励具体体现在55号令第二条的试验数据保护制度中:挑战专利成功的药品给予1.5年数据保护期;在数据保护期内,审评机构不再批准其他申请人同品种上市申请,申请人自行取得的数据除外。然而,数据保护期并不等同于市场独占。首先,若只要挑战成功就可以享受数据保护期,当很多家仿制药厂都提起挑战并取得成功,那么这些仿制药都能够获得数据保护期,也就不存在所谓的独占了;其次,根据该条款,只要其他仿制药申请人提交自行取得的数据就有可能得到药监部门的批准,那么提交一致性评价数据算不算是自行取得的数据呢?如果答案是肯定的,那么数据保护期就不能阻止这些后来者进入市场,这样一来,数据保护期给挑战成功者带来的好处就打了折扣,恐怕难以达到预期的鼓励效果。

 

小结

任何制度设计都不是万能的,药品专利链接制度引发的利益博弈也是永恒的,专利链接制度的魅力就在于这种没有确定结果的动态平衡,这种平衡取决于原研药与仿制药申请人针对专利类型、保护强度、有效专利期的长短、药品的市场状况等综合考量后的博弈策略。在专利链接制度建立后,会出现关键的利益博弈点,需要后续政策进行调整和弥补漏洞。

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Electronic

Electronic Arts pledges free use for five accessibility patents

Electronic Arts pledges free use for five accessibility patents Recently, Electronic Arts (EA) announced a patent pledge that gives other companies and developers free access to five of its current accessibility-related patents and technology. The company promised not to enforce against any party for infringing any of the listed patents. Instead, EA hopes to encourage “innovation” and build new features that make video games more inclusive on a much larger scale by opening up the patents.  Electronic Arts (EA) is an American video game company founded in 1982. The company owns many popular and famous games, such as The Sims, SimCity, Apex Legends, Madden NFL and FIFA. Each of the games has more than 30 or 50 million sales volume. Significantly, esports involves FIFA and Apex Legends into the event list. Apex Legends has up to 1 billion players, and it is so popular that it has a Switch version. Within the freely available patents, one of which grabs everyone’s attention -- Apex Legends’ ping system (patent No. US 11097189). The ping system in Apex Legends, which excellently allows players to make communication and teamwork quick and easy without hearing or speaking, has been praised both as an impressive alternative to voice chat and as a great accessibility feature for players with a variety of disabilities.  The other patents include the technology widely used in the FIFA and Madden NFL. The innovations can automatically detect and modify colors (patent No. US 10118097 and CN 107694092) and contrast ratios (patent No. US 10878540) to improve gamers’ visibility with colorblindness and low vision. Furthermore, one of the patents relates to personalized sound technology, helping players with hearing issues by modifying or creating music based on their preferences (patent No. US 10790919).   The code of the mentioned technology is published on EA’s GitHub, and it is open to all developers. Thus, the developers can use it or adapt it for their games without spending the costs to research. It is good that EA shares the patents for free use and aims to create an accessibility-increased gaming environment for players. However, it is not “unconditional” to use the listed patents. In the pledge, EA mentioned that it may terminate the promise for a specific party which files a patent infringement lawsuit or other patent proceedings against EA. We can see parts of EV’s ambition behind the announcement—to build a large game developer league and a community of shared interests.     Reference: https://www.ea.com/commitments/positive-play/accessibility-patent-pledge https://iknow.stpi.narl.org.tw/Post/Read.aspx?PostID=14562 https://www.polygon.com/22639469/apex-legends-electronic-arts-patent-pledge-accessibility-developers https://www.theverge.com/2021/8/24/22638535/ea-accessibility-patent-pledge-apex-legends-ping-system https://www.gamesradar.com/ea-secures-a-patent-for-the-apex-legends-ping-system-and-its-giving-it-away-for-free/ https://dotesports.com/apex-legends/news/apex-legends-ping-system-is-now-patent-free-for-accessibility https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2021/08/apex_legends_ping_system_now_patent-free_as_ea_announces_accessibility_pledge Recently, Electronic Arts (EA) announced a patent pledge that gives other companies and developers free access to five of its current accessibility-related patents and technology. The company promised not to enforce against any party for infringing any of the listed patents. Instead, EA hopes to encourage “innovation” and build new features that make video games more inclusive on a much larger scale by opening up the patents.    Electronic Arts (EA) is an American video game company founded in 1982. The company owns many popular and famous games, such as The Sims, SimCity, Apex Legends, Madden NFL and FIFA. Each of the games has more than 30 or 50 million sales volume. Significantly, esports involves FIFA and Apex Legends into the event list. Apex Legends has up to 1 billion players, and it is so popular that it has a Switch version.   Within the freely available patents, one of which grabs everyone’s attention -- Apex Legends’ ping system (patent No. US 11097189). The ping system in Apex Legends, which excellently allows players to make communication and teamwork quick and easy without hearing or speaking, has been praised both as an impressive alternative to voice chat and as a great accessibility feature for players with a variety of disabilities.    The other patents include the technology widely used in the FIFA and Madden NFL. The innovations can automatically detect and modify colors (patent No. US 10118097 and CN 107694092) and contrast ratios (patent No. US 10878540) to improve gamers’ visibility with colorblindness and low vision. Furthermore, one of the patents relates to personalized sound technology, helping players with hearing issues by modifying or creating music based on their preferences (patent No. US 10790919).   The
2021-10-22
The

The forum on "China's Intellectual Property-related Reform Measures and New Trends in Patent Litigation" will be held successfully!

The forum on "China's Intellectual Property-related Reform Measures and New Trends in Patent Litigation" will be held successfully! In response to the call for building a strong country with intellectual property rights, at 2 o'clock in the afternoon of October 21, the forum on "China's reform measures related to intellectual property rights and new trends in patent litigation" will be successfully held in Nanjing Jiangbei New District Industrial Technology Research and Innovation Park. The event was hosted by the Science and Technology Innovation Bureau of Nanjing Jiangbei New Area Management Committee, Nanjing Jiangbei New Area Industrial Technology Research and Innovation Park, Nanjing Intellectual Property Rights Protection Assistance Center Jiangbei New District Center, Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Consultant Co., Ltd., Nanjing Intellectual Property Co-organized by the Protection Center (Nanjing Intellectual Property Rights Protection Assistance Center), Taiwan Pharmaceutical Development Association, and Gene Online. The director of Nanjing Intellectual Property Protection Center, Mou Xiaojian, delivered a speech. Director Mu expressed his warm congratulations on the holding of this event and introduced in detail the new pattern of intellectual property protection in Nanjing. He said: At present, Nanjing has implemented a rights protection assistance network in the municipal area. With full coverage, Nanjing Intellectual Property Protection Center is willing to closely communicate and interact with Nanjing's innovation entities, and provide relevant public welfare services such as rapid pre-review, rapid rights protection, and comprehensive utilization for enterprises in need. In addition, Huang Funan, CEO of Gene Online, was unable to come to congratulate due to the epidemic, and recorded a congratulatory video. In the video, he said: China Innovative Pharmaceuticals has already made many outstanding achievements on the international stage, and these are inseparable from intellectual property rights. The support of the company can also show the importance of intellectual property rights to biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. This event invites four industry experts to focus on China's reform measures related to intellectual property rights and new trends in patent litigation, discuss with companies and universities, and make arrangements in advance. Dr. Qingchen Hou, general manager of Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Consulting Co., Ltd., introduced the "Guidelines for Building a Powerful Country with Intellectual Property Rights (2021-2035)" and explained his views from four aspects: background, strategic layout, overall requirements, and organizational guarantees. . Subsequently, a detailed analysis of China's patent linkage system was carried out, and compared with the same types of cases at home and abroad, questions were raised: Why should we reward the first person who successfully challenged patents? Not the first person to file a P4 application? And have a series of discussions with you. Director Jiang Haijun of the Intellectual Property Protection Legal Committee of the Nanjing Lawyers Association gave a speech on three points: the problems after the amendment of the patent law, the enforceability of the amount of compensation, and the legal conflicts related to service inventions. Regarding the patent right evaluation report, he emphasized that the patentee, interested party or accused infringer can also proactively issue a patent right evaluation report. "Patent is a work of art that combines technology and law" is a message shared by Mr. Feng Tao from Jiangsu Junbo Law Firm at this event. Mr. Feng analyzes the big data of Chinese patent litigation cases through graphs and examples. Explore. The last topic of the event was shared by Guo Huangying, Intellectual Property Manager of Nanjing Huaxun Intellectual Property Agency (General Partnership)-China's Patent Infringement Judgment Principles and New Developments. Manager Guo explained to everyone the principles of patent infringement judgment and the necessity of patent infringement search and analysis before producing and selling products. In the intellectual property industry, ECCOM has been providing high-quality and professional comprehensive intellectual property services to enterprises and universities one step at a time. It also hopes that under the leadership of the state and the government, it will contribute to the building of a strong intellectual property nation in China. Make a contribution.
2021-10-22
Types

Types of patents that are easily overlooked- Design Patent

Types of patents that are easily overlooked- Design Patent In recent years, as the public’s awareness of intellectual property has increased, people have begun to consciously use the patent law to protect their intellectual property rights. However, in the process of implementation, they often only focus on invention patent and utility model patent, and tend to ignore the protection of design patent. Recently, Midea sued Haotaitai for two models of CXW-300-D998 and CXW-300-D908 Haotaitai brand range hoods In the case of suspected infringement of its design patent (patent number: ZL201930621598.X), the Guangzhou Intellectual Property Court made a first-instance judgment after hearing that it determined that the two products of Haotaitai constituted infringement, and ordered it to immediately stop the infringement and compensate Midea, The company's economic losses and reasonable expenses totaled 360,000 yuan. In fact, appearance infringement cases have occurred from time to time before, such as: "Molly" blind box design patent case, "Siemens" switch design patent infringement dispute case received a compensation of 6 million yuan, three Casio watch design patents were infringed Received a compensation of 8.8 million yuan and so on. The reason why people ignore the protection of design patents, in the final analysis, is that they have insufficient knowledge of design patents. Today, let's take a look at what is protected by design patents and what rights protections can we apply for? Design patent definition: Article 2 of the "Patent Law", design patent, refers to a new design that is aesthetically pleasing and suitable for industrial applications based on the shape, pattern, or combination of products, and the combination of color, shape, and pattern. Protected range: The shape of the product; the pattern of the product; the shape and pattern of the product; the shape and color of the product; the pattern and color of the product; the shape, pattern and color of the product. Protection period: The term of protection for design patent rights is 15 years, calculated from the date of filing. What are the conditions for applying for a design patent? The design should be aesthetically pleasing Appearance patents should be suitable for industrial applications The design patent application should be novel The design patent application should be inventiveness What are the advantages and functions of design patents? Protect the rights and interests of enterprises in product designs and fight against infringements in market competition. To enhance brand value, the quality and quantity of patents are the embodiment of the company's innovation ability and core competitiveness. Receive consumer recognition. If a company's new product appearance is filed for a patent in a timely manner, its appearance design will enjoy the exclusive right. Nowadays, consumers often choose products with trendy and beautiful appearance when buying their products. Applying for a design patent is a necessary condition for applying for a high-tech enterprise.
2021-09-26
Colopl

Colopl Settles Patent Infringement Lawsuit with Nintendo by Paying $30 Million

Colopl Settles Patent Infringement Lawsuit with Nintendo by Paying $30 Million   This August, Nintendo and a game developer Colopl announced that they have settled for patent infringement regarding White Cat Project (Shironeko Project in Japanese), a smartphone game developed by Colopl. Although both companies did not publicly share exact details of the settlement, at least it is sure that Colopl agreed to pay 3.3 billion yen (about US$30.2 million) as the settlement fee for the proceedings, including the future license of Nintendo's patents.    How did the battle begin?  Being developed and published by a Japanese game developer, Colopl, White Cat Project is a free-to-play action role-playing game for Android and iOS systems. The mobile game was launched in July 2014 as well as got a television anime adaptation in 2020. It is incredibly popular to have more than 50 million downloads. Furthermore, the game is set to receive a Switch version titled "Shironeko New Project".    In September 2016, Nintendo noted the Colopl's game and considered that the game had infringed on several of Nintendo's technology patents. The two companies communicated with each other for over a year; however, Nintendo did not accept the explanations from Colopl, and Nintendo filed a lawsuit against Colopl at the beginning of 2018.    Nintendo claimed that Colopl infringed 6 of its patents. These patents protect touch-screen joystick functionality (patent no. JP3734820), multiplayer connectivity (patent no. JP5595991, JP6271692), confirmation screens in sleep mode (patent no. JP4010533), character attacks based on touch input locations (patent no. JP4262217), and a shadow effect placed on characters hidden behind the game geometry (patent no. JP3637031).   These patents almost cover various ways of game technology, especially the patent  JP5595991 and JP6271692. Their patent family is wide-reaching, and many divisional applications of the family are pending in Japan. They protect a communication game system and its related devices. It is not easy to detect the patent's existence and boundary since this kind of hardcore technique is so common in the gaming field and our daily lives.     The five-year patent war has been settled.  After a five-year dispute, the situation appeared to turn in Nintendo's favor as the Switch maker increased its monetary demands, which convinced Colopl to strike a deal that lets it use the disputed patents. Furthermore, a Switch version of White Cat Project remains in the works at Colopl.    With the extraordinary losses of Colopl, the legal battle between the two companies came to an end.  
2021-09-09
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